Unit 2

Question 1

Wanting something means that any bx that has obtained a reinforcer will be strong at that moment and the occurrence of what is wanted would function as a reinforcer at that moment. This is according to:

Answer 1

Skinner’s analysis of the drive concept

Question 2

Keller and Shoenfeld were the first to use, in published work, the term:

Answer 2

Establishing operation

Question 3

What effect increases the value of a reinforcer?

Answer 3

Establishing

Question 4

What effect decreases the momentary frequency of bx?

Answer 4

Abative

Question 5

The abolishing effect of food satiation is that

Answer 5

for a time, food is less effective form of reinforcement

Question 6

the evocative effect of oxygen deprivation is that

Answer 6

the momentary frequency of bx reinforced by getting oxygen increases

Question 7

what kind of effect on the momentary frequency of bx, which has been reinforced by sleep in the past, would sleeping for 12 hours straight have? An:

Answer 7

abative effect

Question 8

what kind of effect on the effectiveness of getting cooler as a reinforcer would an increase of temperature to 99degrees F have? An:

Answer 8

establishing effect

Question 9

Jill drives by an outlet store every day. She only goes shopping for new clothes once every few months as she makes little money. last wednesday Jill fell when fixing the roof and ripped her pants. she gets paid every friday. friday when she drove past the outlet store, she went in to buy some new pants. in relation to buying new pants, the ripped pants functioned as a…

Answer 9

EO

Question 10

Jill drives by an outlet store every day. She only goes shopping for new clothes once every few months as she makes little money. last wednesday Jill fell when fixing the roof and ripped her pants. she gets paid every friday. friday when she drove past the outlet store, she went in to buy some new pants. in relation to buying new pants, the sight of the outlet store functioned as a…

Answer 10

S^D

Question 11

Tone On->shock onset->key peck->shock offset

Tone off->shock onset->key peck->shock still on

The response is the…

Answer 11

key peck

Question 12

Tone On->shock onset->key peck->shock offset

Tone off->shock onset->key peck->shock still on

key pecking is likely to be negatively reinforced by the…

Answer 12

shock offset

Question 13

Tone On->shock onset->key peck->shock offset

Tone off->shock onset->key peck->shock still on

in relation to pecking the key, the tone on functions as a(n)…

Answer 13

S^D

Question 14

Tone On->shock onset->key peck->shock offset

Tone off->shock onset->key peck->shock still on

in relation to pecking the key, the shock onset functions as…

Answer 14

EO

Question 15

Tone On->shock onset->key peck->shock offset

Tone off->shock onset->key peck->shock still on

key pecking is likely to be extinguished by…

Answer 15

shock remaining on

Question 16

Tone On->shock onset->key peck->shock offset

Tone off->shock onset->key peck->shock still on

in relation to pecking the key, what effect does tone onset have on bx?

Answer 16

evoke bx

Question 17

Tone On->shock onset->key peck->shock offset

Tone off->shock onset->key peck->shock still on

What is the SDelta condition?

Answer 17

tone off

Question 18

Geoff goes to taco bell. He orders 10 spicy tacos and gets a cup for soda to serve himself. Geoff is so hungry that he starts eating right away even though he hasn’t filled up his soda cup yet. After eating half of his tacos, he goes to fill up his cup with Mountain Dew. When he gets to the machine, he pushes the button that has “Mountain Dew” marked on it. After filling up his large cup, he drinks the Mountain Dew.

He then returns to his seat. In relation to pushing the “Mountain Dew” button, what was the EO?

Answer 18

Eating 5 tacos

Question 19

Geoff goes to taco bell. He orders 10 spicy tacos and gets a cup for soda to serve himself. Geoff is so hungry that he starts eating right away even though he hasn’t filled up his soda cup yet. After eating half of his tacos, he goes to fill up his cup with Mountain Dew. When he gets to the machine, he pushes the button that has “Mountain Dew” marked on it. After filling up his large cup, he drinks the Mountain Dew.

in relation to pushing the “Mountain Dew” button, what was the SD?

Answer 19

seeing the button labeled “Mountain Dew”

Question 20

Geoff goes to taco bell. He orders 10 spicy tacos and gets a cup for soda to serve himself. Geoff is so hungry that he starts eating right away even though he hasn’t filled up his soda cup yet. After eating half of his tacos, he goes to fill up his cup with Mountain Dew. When he gets to the machine, he pushes the button that has “Mountain Dew” marked on it. After filling up his large cup, he drinks the Mountain Dew.

Geoff finished the entire large cup of Mountain Dew. What likely effect would this have on drinking more Mountain Dew?

Answer 20

Abative

Question 21

There are two watchmen in a building at night. The first watchman hears a noise and then presses a button that alerts the second watchman. The second watchman asks, “are you ok?” over a walkie-talkie. With respect to the first watchman pressing the button, the noise functioned as a:

Answer 21

CEO-T

Question 22

aversive stimuli ____ avoidance responses.

Answer 22

evoke

Question 23

Cali’s alarm clock rings very, very loudly at 8am. she gets up and walks across the room to shut it off. in relation to cali getting out of bed and pushing the snooze button, the sound of the alarm functioned as…

Answer 23

an establishing operation

Question 24

A 7-yr old boy is teasing his sister. his mom says, “if you continue to tease your sister I’m not taking you to play land this afternoon.” in the past, if the child continued teasing his sister after his mom said, “if you continue…,” the mom had followed through and kept him locked in the van while she took his sister to play land.

the mom’s threat resulted in the abatement of the child’s teasing and functioned as…

Answer 24

a discriminative stimulus for punishment

Question 25

I 7-yr old boy is teasing his sister. his mom says, “if you continue to tease your sister I’m not taking you to play land this afternoon.” in the past, if the child continued teasing his sister after his mom said, “if you continue…,” the mom had followed through and kept him locked in the van while she took his sister to play land.

not only did the boy immediately stop teasing his sister, but the immediately apologized to both mother and sister. the mother accepted the apology and stopped threatening. in relation to apologizing, the mom’s threat functioned as…

Answer 25

CEO-R

Question 26

bob usually beats up his kid brother after his dad abuses him. in relation to his aggressive bx against his kid brother, his father’s beating most likely functions as…

Answer 26

an unconditioned establishing operation

Question 27

a mother threatens her son, saying, “if you do not get dressed for school this very minute, I am going to whoop your butt.” the son immediately begins to get dressed. in relation to the son immediately beginning to get dressed, the mother’s statement functioned as…

Answer 27

a CEO-R

Question 28

some hotels have tissue boxes in their rooms that have mostly white tissues, but that have a few tan-colored tissues at the bottom of the box. when the house keeper sees a tan tissue, he takes out the old box and puts in a new box. the reinforcer for getting the tissue box out is the sight of a full box of tissues. in this example, the tan-colored tissues functioned as…

Answer 28

CEO-T

Question 29

in boot camp, if the drill sergeant walks into the barracks, the enlisted women stand up and salute her. in relation to this bx, the drill sergeant walking in most likely functions as…

Answer 29

CEO-R

Question 30

bob recently began to wear reading glasses but he hardly ever wears them in front of others. today his boss asked him to read and respond to a report within one hour; the boss said it was a very important matter and the needed to be very accurate. the report was typed in a small font. bob looked at his boss, then at the report. even though many of his peers were where they could see him, he immediately put on his glasses, the small print functioned as…

Answer 30

a CEO-T

Question 31

bob recently began to wear reading glasses but he hardly ever wears them in front of others. today his boss asked him to read and respond to a report within one hour; the boss said it was a very important matter and the needed to be very accurate. the report was typed in a small font. bob looked at his boss, then at the report. when bob was half-way through his assignment, one of the screws becomes loose from the frame and drops on his desk. he tries to use his nail to screw it back but fails. he sees beth, a peer who usually has screwdrivers and usually gives him what he asked for. bob asks beth for a small flathead screwdriver. the sight of beth evoked bob approaching her and functioned as…

Answer 31

an SD

Question 32

bob recently began to wear reading glasses but he hardly ever wears them in front of others. today his boss asked him to read and respond to a report within one hour; the boss said it was a very important matter and the needed to be very accurate. the report was typed in a small font. bob looked at his boss, then at the report. when bob was half-way through his assignment, one of the screws becomes loose from the frame and drops on his desk. he tries to use his nail to screw it back but fails. he sees beth, a peer who usually has screwdrivers and usually gives him what he asked for. bob asks beth for a small flathead screwdriver. in relation to bob requesting a screwdriver, the loose screw functioned as…

Answer 32

CEO-T

Question 33

“A stimulus that evokes behavior because in the past that behavior has been reinforced in its presence. ”

Answer 33

discriminative stimulus for reinforcement (S^D)

Question 34

“A stimulus that abates behavior because in the past that behavior has been extinguished in its presence.”

Answer 34

discriminative stimulus for extinction (SDelta)

Question 35

“A stimulus that abates behavior because in the past that behavior has been punished in its presence.”

Answer 35

discriminative stimulus for punishment (S^DP)

Question 36

The tendency of behavior to occur more or less frequently in the presence of a stimulus because the behavior has been reinforced or punished only or mostly in the presence of that stimulus.

Answer 36

discriminative control (stimulus control)

Question 37

An antecedent stimulus which evokes or abates an operant because in its presence the relation between the response and an effective consequence was different from what it was in its absence. The change only persists as long as this stimulus is present.

Answer 37

Discriminative Stimulus

Question 38

S^D
SDelta
S^DP

Answer 38

types of discriminative stimuli

Question 39

behavior-altering (evoke or abate bx)

Answer 39

effect of discriminative stimuli

Question 40

An antecedent condition that momentarily alters a consequence as an effective reinforcer or punisher (value-altering effect), and evokes or abates behavior that has been followed by these consequences in the past (behavior-altering effect).

Answer 40

Motivating operations (MOs)

Question 41

value-altering effect

bx-altering effect

Answer 41

effects of motivating operations

Question 42

establishing operations

abolishing operations

Answer 42

types of motivating operations

Question 43

An antecedent condition that momentarily establishes a consequence as an effective reinforcer or punisher (establishing effect), and evokes or abates behavior that has been followed by these consequences in the past (behavior-altering effect).

Answer 43

Establishing operations (EOs)

Question 44

An antecedent condition that momentarily abolishes a consequence as an affective reinforcer or punisher (abolishing effect), and evokes or abates behavior that has been followed by these consequences in the past (behavior-altering effect).

Answer 44

Abolishing operations (AOs)

Question 45

• Establishing operation related to reinforcement

* Establishing operation related to punishment

Answer 45

types of establishing operations

Question 46

• Abolishing operations related to reinforcement

* Abolishing operations related to punishment

Answer 46

types of abolishing operations

Question 47

An antecedent condition which increases the value of other events as forms of reinforcement (reinforcer-establishing effect). They evoke the type of behavior which has been reinforced by those events in the past (evocative effect).

Answer 47

establishing operations related to reinforcement

Question 48

• Reinforcer-establishing effect

* Evocative effect

Answer 48

effects of establishing operations related to reinforcement

Question 49

An antecedent condition which increases the value of other events as forms of punishment (punisher- establishing effect). They abate the type of behavior which has been punished by those events in the past (abative effect).

Answer 49

establishing operations related to punishment

Question 50

• Punisher-establishing effect

* Abative effect

Answer 50

effects of establishing operations related to punishment

Question 51

An antecedent condition which decreases the value of other events as forms of reinforcement (reinforcer-abolishing effect). They abate the type of behavior which has been reinforced by those events in the past (abative effect).

Answer 51

abolishing operations related to reinforcement

Question 52

• reinforcer-abolishing effect

- abative effect

Answer 52

effects of abolishing operations related to reinforcement

Question 53

An antecedent condition which decreases the value of other events as forms of punishment (punisher- abolishing effect). They evoke the type of behavior which has been punished by those events in the past (evocative effect).

Answer 53

abolishing operations related to punishment

Question 54

• punisher-abolishing effect

- evocative effect

Answer 54

effects of abolishing operations related to punishment

Question 55

Events, operations, and stimulus conditions whose value-altering effects are unlearned (but their behavior-altering effects are learned).

Answer 55

unconditioned motivating operations (UMOs)

Question 56

• Food deprivation and satiation
• Water deprivation and satiation
• Sleep deprivation and satiation
• Activity deprivation and satiation
• Oxygen deprivation and satiation
• UMOs related to sex
• UMOs related to temperature
• Painful stimulation

Answer 56

main human unconditioned motivating operations

Question 57

events, operations, and stimulus conditions whose value-altering effects are learned (their behavior-altering effects are learned (their bx-altering effects are also learned)

Answer 57

conditioned motivating operations (CMOs)

Question 58

• Surrogate • Reflexive • Transitive

Answer 58

Types of conditioned motivating operations

Question 59

“A stimulus that acquires its MO effectiveness by being paired with another MO and has the same value-altering and behavior-altering effects as the MO with which it was paired.”

Answer 59

surrogate conditioned motivating operation (CMO-S)

Question 60

“A stimulus that acquires MO effectiveness by preceding some form of worsening or improvement. ”

Answer 60

Reflexive conditioned motivating operation (CMO-R)

Question 61

“An event which establishes another stimulus as a necessary condition to complete the response that the first event evokes, and thus establishes that
second stimulus as a reinforcer.” -Jack Michael

Answer 61

Transitive conditioned motivating operation (CMO-T)

Question 62

When Skinner spoke of “wanting” he used the term:

Answer 62

Drive

Question 63

Who was the first to use the term “establishing operation”?

Answer 63

Keller & Shoenfeld

Question 64

An SD is different from an EO in that:

Answer 64

EOs make a consequence more valuable, whereas an SD merely signals the availability of a consequence.

Question 65

What effect DECREASES the VALUE of a reinforcer?

Answer 65

Abolishing

Question 66

What effect INCREASES the momentary frequency of bx?

Answer 66

Evocative

Question 67

The establishing effect of water deprivation is that….

Answer 67

for a time, water is a more effective form of reinforcement

Question 68

The evocative effect of sleep deprivation is that…

Answer 68

The momentary frequency of behavior reinforced by getting sleep increases.

Question 69

What kind of effect on the momentary frequency of bx, which has been reinforced by obtaining food in the past, would eating a 4000 calorie meal have?

Answer 69

abative effect

Question 70

You are in a hot, crowded room (80degrees F) and the temperature goes UP by another 5 degrees. What kind of effect would that have on the effectiveness of getting cooler as a reinforcer?

Answer 70

establishing effect

Question 71

Some days, I have a lot of meetings at work. There is usually a lot of chatting before and after the meetings because building relationships with clients is part of my job. At the end of a day like that, I just want to go home and veg out on the couch. The LAST thing I want to do is go out and socialize with my friends. You could say I get satiated on socializing. What effect does having lots of meetings have on the reinforcing effectiveness of seeing my friends at night?

Answer 71

abolishing effect

Question 72

Every day on his way home from work, Chris drives by a Firestone. Then one day, he gets a flat tire. He uses a can of Fix-a-Flat to temporarily repair it, but he sees that the damage to the tire is extensive and he’s going to need a new one. So he stops in a Firestone and purchases a new tire.

In relation to buying a new tire, the flat functioned as a(n):

Answer 72

EO

Question 73

Every day on his way home from work, Chris drives by a Firestone. Then one day, he gets a flat tire. He uses a can of Fix-a-Flat to temporarily repair it, but he sees that the damage to the tire is extensive and he’s going to need a new one. So he stops in a Firestone and purchases a new tire.

In relation to buying a new tire, the sight of the Firestone functioned as…

Answer 73

an SD

Question 74

An experimenter is attempting to do some operant conditioning with a rat. He arranges the chamber so that a white light will come on and then 2 seconds later, the rat will get shocked. If the rat then presses a bar, the shock will stop (e.g., escapes from the pain). On other trials, the while light does NOT come on, and the shock comes. Even if the rat presses the bar, the shock stays on. (Poor rat!) The diagram would look like this:

Light on – shock onset – bar press – shock offset
Light off – shock onset – bar press – shock still on

Bar pressing is likely to be negativelky reinforced by the…

Answer 74

shock offset

Question 75

An experimenter is attempting to do some operant conditioning with a rat. He arranges the chamber so that a white light will come on and then 2 seconds later, the rat will get shocked. If the rat then presses a bar, the shock will stop (e.g., escapes from the pain). On other trials, the while light does NOT come on, and the shock comes. Even if the rat presses the bar, the shock stays on. (Poor rat!) The diagram would look like this:

Light on – shock onset – bar press – shock offset
Light off – shock onset – bar press – shock still on

In relation to pressing the bar, the shock onset functions as…

Answer 75

an EO

Question 76

An experimenter is attempting to do some operant conditioning with a rat. He arranges the chamber so that a white light will come on and then 2 seconds later, the rat will get shocked. If the rat then presses a bar, the shock will stop (e.g., escapes from the pain). On other trials, the while light does NOT come on, and the shock comes. Even if the rat presses the bar, the shock stays on. (Poor rat!) The diagram would look like this:

Light on – shock onset – bar press – shock offset
Light off – shock onset – bar press – shock still on

In relation to pressing the bar, the light functions as…

Answer 76

an SD

Question 77

An experimenter is attempting to do some operant conditioning with a rat. He arranges the chamber so that a white light will come on and then 2 seconds later, the rat will get shocked. If the rat then presses a bar, the shock will stop (e.g., escapes from the pain). On other trials, the while light does NOT come on, and the shock comes. Even if the rat presses the bar, the shock stays on. (Poor rat!) The diagram would look like this:

Light on – shock onset – bar press – shock offset
Light off – shock onset – bar press – shock still on

What would need to happen to put the bar pressing bx on extinction?

Answer 77

shock remains on

Question 78

An experimenter is attempting to do some operant conditioning with a rat. He arranges the chamber so that a white light will come on and then 2 seconds later, the rat will get shocked. If the rat then presses a bar, the shock will stop (e.g., escapes from the pain). On other trials, the while light does NOT come on, and the shock comes. Even if the rat presses the bar, the shock stays on. (Poor rat!) The diagram would look like this:
Light on – shock onset – bar press – shock offset
Light off – shock onset – bar press – shock still on

in relation to pressing the bar, what effect does the light have on bx?

Answer 78

evokes bx

Question 79

Look at the following diagram and then answer the question below:

“Simon says do this” - model clap hands - imitate clap hands - great job!

“Do this” - model clap hands - imitate clap hands - no praise

What is the S-Delta?

Answer 79

“Do this”

Question 80

Light on – shock onset – bar press - shock offset

Light off – shock onset – bar press - shock still on

What is the S-delta condition?

Answer 80

light off

Question 81

Matthew is good all morning at school so his teacher lets him have a bag of chips when he’s done with his lunch. He eats the whole bag and that makes him really thirsty, so he goes to the water fountain, fills up his water bottle and then chugs it.

In relation to the behavior of filling up his water bottle, what was the EO?

Answer 81

Eating the whole bag of chips

Question 82

Matthew is good all morning at school so his teacher lets him have a bag of chips when he’s done with his lunch. He eats the whole bag and that makes him really thirsty, so he goes to the water fountain, fills up his water bottle and then chugs it.

Matthew finished the whole bottle and then refilled it and chugged that one, too. What effect do you think that chugging a second bottle of water will have on drinking more water?

Answer 82

Abative

Question 83

Aversive stimuli ______________ avoidance responses.

Answer 83

Evoke

Question 84

I get in my car and hear a really annoying buzzing sound. When I buckle my seatbelt, it stops. The sound of the buzzing functions as a(n):

Answer 84

Establishing operation

Question 85

Colin is a 12 year-old boy in foster care who is really aggressive. One day, he punches his foster father right in the face while swearing up a storm. The foster father tells him, “If you continue with that kind of behavior, I’m going to call the police on you.” Colin immediately stops swearing and puts his fists down because in the past, his foster father followed through on his threat and called the police. As a result, Colin almost lost his placement with that foster family. The foster father’s threat, which resulted in the Colin ceasing his aggressive behaviors, functioned as a(n):

Answer 85

Discriminative stimulus for punishment

Question 86

Colin is a 12 year-old boy in foster care who is really aggressive. One day, he punches his foster father right in the face while swearing up a storm. The foster father tells him, “If you continue with that kind of behavior, I’m going to call the police on you.” Colin immediately stops swearing and puts his fists down because in the past, his foster father followed through on his threat and called the police. As a result, Colin almost lost his placement with that foster family.

Not only did Colin stop aggressing on his foster father, he also apologized for his bad behavior. In relation to the behavior of apologizing, the Dad’s threat to call the police functioned as a(n):

Answer 86

CEO-R (prevents a worsening condition)

Question 87

In the middle of the night, I wake up to hear my baby coughing loudly and making a noise that sounds like a seal’s bark. Alarmed, I grab my cell phone and call her pediatrician, who I have on speed dial. He listens to her cough and tells me its Croup, and I should bring her into the steamy bathroom to help clear her congestion. With respect to my behavior of calling the doctor, my baby’s loud coughing functioned as a(n):

Answer 87

CMO-T

Question 88

When an animal is struck by a car and is in great pain, if you approach it to help, it may bite you. In relation to biting you, being hit by a car probably functioned as a(n):

Answer 88

UEO

Question 89

The playground bully says to Linda, “If you don’t give me your lunch money, I’m going to punch you in the nose.” Linda immediately hands over her money to the bully. In relation to Linda handing over the money, the bully’s statement functioned as a(n):

Answer 89

CEO-R

Question 90

Every time a customer makes a purchase, the cashier must give the customer a receipt. When the paper that the receipts print on is almost depleted, red lines start to appear on the receipt paper. When the cashier starts to see the red lines, he takes the old spool of paper out and puts a new one in. The reinforcer for replacing the spool is the sight of the full roll. Thus, the red lines on the receipt paper functioned as a(n):

Answer 90

CEO-T

Question 91

Jill is driving very fast. She sees a police car up ahead and immediately slows down. In relation to the behavior of pressing her foot to the brake, the sight of the police car functioned as a(n):

Answer 91

CEO-R

Question 92

You are teaching a child with autism to mand for information. At lunchtime, he goes to his locker and sees that his lunchbox is missing. (You had moved it earlier in the day when he wasn’t paying attention.) He says, “where is my lunchbox?” In relation to his asking where his lunchbox is, the missing lunchbox functioned as a(n):

Answer 92

CEO-T

Question 93

You tell the child that his lunchbox is in Locker #33. He goes to locker 33 and tries to open it but discovers that it is locked. Then he says to you, “where is the key?”. In relation to his asking where the key is, the locked locker functioned as a(n):

Answer 93

CEO-T

Question 94

The custodian, who keeps all the keys to the building on a big ring attaced to his belt, goes walking by right at that moment. The child approaches the custodian and says, “may I have the key to locker 33?” The sight of the custodian evoked the child approaching him and thus functioned as a(n):

Answer 94

SD

Question 95

Molly tells Chris, “If you don’t propose by Christmas, I’m going to break up with you”. If Chris pops the question, Molly’s statement functioned as a(n):

Answer 95

CEO-R

Question 96

As a child, whenever my Mom made beef stew, she always served it warm buttered bread which I would dip into the stew to soak up all the delicious juices. Now, whenever I eat beef stew, I ask for bread and butter. In relation to asking for bread and butter, the beef stew functioned as a(n):

Answer 96

CEO-S