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Unit 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Functions of the Urogenital System

A
  • Filter waste materials from blood
  • Store and expel urine
  • Regulate blood volume and body pH;
  • Male and female reproduction
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2
Q

Components of the Urogenital System

A

Kidney, ureter, bladder, urethra, male reproductive structures, female reproductive structures

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3
Q

Urinalysis

A

Test that tells you about the health of the dog - look at volume, color, odor, turbidity, cloudiness (pale yellow color is good)

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4
Q

Types of Stones: Struvite

A

Managed with diet (urine pH needs to be more acidic)

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5
Q

Types of Stones: Cystine

A

genetic abnormality in protein metabolism, low protein diet, particularly low in sulfur amino acids

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6
Q

Types of Stones: Oxalate

A

Genetic: lack of oxalobacter microbe in the gut, difficult to manage, need low calcium diet

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7
Q

Function of the Digestive System

A

Obtain food, digest and absorb food, and supply the body with needed nutrients

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8
Q

Components of the Digestive System

A

mouth, esophagus, stomach, small/large intestine, liver, gallbladder, pancreas

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9
Q

Types of Digestion: Mechanical

A

Chewing starts in the mouth, peristalsis throughout the gut, contractions

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10
Q

Types of Digestion: Chemical

A

Acid in the stomach dissolves food and denatures proteins

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11
Q

Types of Digestion: Enzymatic

A

Enzymes that break down protein, fats, and carbohydrates in carnivores – start in the stomach- the small intestine is the major site of enzymatic digestion

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12
Q

Types of Digestion: Fermentation

A

Microbes ferment fiber that mammalian enzymes cannot break down - it occurs in small intestines - minimal in dogs and cats

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13
Q

Monogastric (non-ruminant)

A

One simple stomach, typically short GI tract, small cecum

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14
Q

When the bolus of food arrives in the small intestine, the pancreas releases ______

A

Pancreatic secretion

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15
Q

When the bolus of food arrives in the small intestine, the liver releases

A

Bile from the gallbladder

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16
Q

Stomach

A

Short-term storage (more important for dogs)- enzymatic digestion is initiated

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17
Q

Small intestine

A

Enzymatic digestion and absorption of nutrients - The longest part of the digestive tract

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18
Q

Large intestine

A

Water and electrolyte absorption - formation and storage of feces - microbial fermentation

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19
Q

Inflammatory Bowel Disease

A

Chronic inflammation of the GI tract caused by abnormal “local” immune response - Causes chronic vomiting and diarrhea

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20
Q

Liver Disease (General)

A

Acute or chronic that can be caused by infection, toxins, genetics, age
Symptoms include lethargy, decreased appetite, weight loss, diarrhea, increased thirst, jaundice – yellowing of skin and mucous membranes

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21
Q

Functions of the endocrine system

A

Produce and secrete hormones to control and
regulate the body

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22
Q

Components of the endocrine system

A

Pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, pancreas, adrenal glands, testes, ovaries

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23
Q

Anterior pituitary (attached to the hypothalamus)

A

“Master switch” - produces hormones regulating growth, metabolism, reproduction, lactation, and water balance

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24
Q

Pancreas

A

Produces digestive enzymes (exocrine) and produces insulin and glucagon (endocrine) to regulate blood glucose concentrations

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25
Thyroid
Produces hormones responsible for maintaining a healthy metabolism (T3 & T4)
26
Hypothyroidism vs Hyperthyroidism
Hypothyroidism: Decreased production of thyroid hormones (more common in middle-aged dogs) Hyperthyroidism: increased production of thyroid hormones (More common in older cats )
27
Parathyroid
Regulates Ca, P, and vitamin D levels – ALWAYS consider with bone disorders
28
Adrenal glands
Produces steroid hormones, maintains water balance, maintains carbohydrate, fat, and stress metabolism
29
Hyperadrenocorticism
Overproduce hormones (corticoids) - Cushing's disease - more common in middle-aged or older dogs
30
A shorter GI track casues
Microbes pass quickly, microbes do not colonize as fast, there is less capacity for fiber fermentation, and it is very efficient at digesting protein and fat
31
Diabetes
Type 1 → underproduction of insulin (dogs) Type 2 → insulin insensitivity (cats
32
3 Preventative Medicine for Dogs and Cats
1. vaccines 2. deworming 3. flea and tick prevention
33
Pros and cons of preventative medicine
Pros: Helps prevent serious illness, infection, or death, prevents transmission to other animals, increases the quality of life Cons: Negative reactions, expensive, sometimes hard to access
34
Difference between active and passive immunity
Active is the process of exposing the individual to an antigen to generate antibodies (vaccine), and passive is the transfer of antibodies from one individual to another (mother to kid)
35
What are all puppies born with?
worms
36
Antigen vs antibody
An antigen is a toxin or foreign body that triggers an immune response, which leads to the production of antibodies
37
Two types of vaccines
Live or inactive
38
What is the core 4-way vaccine for dogs, and what's in it?
DHPP - commonly called “the distemper vaccine” - Distemper, Hepatitis, Parvovirus, Parainfluenza
39
What is sometimes added to the core 4-way vaccine in dogs? Why only sometimes?
Bacterial infection leptospirosis - Higher potential for vaccine reactions when given in a combination vaccine - Not necessarily needed in areas where the disease is extremely rare (found in water sources) - Vaccine gives a short duration of immunity
40
Rabies vaccine
- Transmitted through saliva (bite) - Infects the central nervous system of mammals, ultimately causing disease in the brain and death
41
What is the core 3-way vaccine for cats, and what's in it?
FVRCP - Feline Rhinotracheitis/herpes virus 1 - Calicivirus - Feline panleukopenia
42
Panleukopenia Virus - Cerebellar Hypoplasia (cats)
Kittens infected in the womb during the late stages of pregnancy - Affects the formation of the cerebellum - Makes cats wobbly but they adapt very well and live long/kind of normal lives
43
FeLV (Feline Leukemia Virus)
Contagious virus causing terminal diseases * Anemia is a common symptom and is transmitted through saliva * Core vaccine for all cats < 1 year of age * Non-core vaccine for cats > 1 year of age that have no potential for exposure to infected cats
44
FeLV – Progressive Infection
Develop a compromised immune system - Outwardly healthy for 2-3 years - Bone marrow becomes infected and new blood cells will contain more virus - Lymphoma = final stage of disease
45
FeLV – Latent Infection
May test positive at first, then negative 3-4 weeks later - Virus inserts into DNA and doesn’t kill cells, and the body eventually rejects abnormal cells - Pregnant cats produce positive kitten, which may result in immunity or develop into active infection
46
Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)
It affects up to 5% of the cat population - Targets white blood cells and causes immunosuppression - Slow acting, infected for life - Typically transmitted directly through cat-to-cat bites - Vaccine not effective - high risk of sarcoma, leading to false positives
47
Feline Infections Peritonitis (FIP)
Caused by a mutation in strains of feline coronavirus - Most cats will have a coronavirus but won't necessarily develop FIP - Not common but fatal – typically in cats < 2 years old - Transmitted fecal-oral - Initial symptoms are lethargy, decreased appetite, weight loss, fever The effectiveness of the vaccine is questionable
48
Sarcomas
Rare, but very important to consider - Cancerous tumors that arise following injections
49
Goal in reproduction
Replace yourself in the herd and continuation of the species - Prevention of pregnancy
50
Anestrus
Ovaries go quiet - Dogs: ~ five months of the year Cats: Oct-Dec
51
Proestrus
Follicle development - enlargement of vulva with bloody discharge from swelling - Estradiol rises from basal levels, and dogs may tease but not receptive Dogs: ~9 days Cats: begins with increasing day length 1-3 days in length
52
Estrus
Receptive to male - straw color discharge Dogs: fertile for nine days Cats: 2 – 19 days
53
Diestrus
Produce CL on ovary with high progesterone - may or may not be pregnant Dog: 60 days Cat: 30-60 days
54
Gestation
No significant hormone changes - 20 – 30 hours before whelping, progesterone levels will decrease - Rectal temp will drop from an average 101.5 to 100 degrees F at 12 – 24hr before whelping Dog: average of 63-65 Cat: 63-64 day
55
Superfecundation
Sermatozoa from different males fertilize multiple oocytes
56
Sexual maturity in dogs
Males: puberty by 5-6 months - most fertile after 12 months Females: first heat 6-15 months
57
What the big difference in cats in regards to reproduction?
Cats have induced ovulation: needs an external stimulus (mating); ~70% of cats - ovulation strongly depends on the number of matings per day.
58
Pseudopregnancy
"fake pregnancy” can occur when induced to ovulate but did not conceive
59
Canine mating
1. In the vagina, the male bulbous glandis engorges, thrusting 2. Male dismounts and turns around, but penis remains in the vagina “the tie” (coital tie) 3. Sperm is ejaculated within 1-5 minutes of the tie - may remain tied for up to 45 min
60
Feline mating
- Penile spikes (barbs – stimulation for ovulation - Behavior: neck biting, mounting, growling - Shorter ejaculation time than dogs (30 sec-5 min) - Following ejaculation: Tom immediately dismounts and makes a postcopulatory cry from the female (very shrill) - Female often aggressive towards male * Female is receptive again 15-30 min later (some experienced pairs can mate 10X/hr)
61
How many chromosomes do dogs have? Cats?
- 78 in dogs (38 pairs + 1 pair sex chromosomes) - 38 in cats (18 pairs + 1 pair sex chromosomes)
62
Alleles
Variations of a gene or alternate way of influencing a particular gene, the mother and father give one allele per locus
63
Locus (loci)
Genes are tied together in a strand of DNA - each locus has 2 alleles forming the gene
64
Genotype versus phenotype
Genotype is the combination of alleles. Phenotype is the physical expression of the genotype in combination with environmental factors.
65
Sex limited versus sex linked
Sex limited: Not on the sex chromosomes but expressed only in one sex Sex-linked: Genes located on one of the two sex chromosomes and why some diseases are at higher risk in one sex
66
Epistasis
Hidden genes - interaction of genes at different loci - one hides/masks the other
67
Modifier gene
Alters the phenotypic expression of another gene
68
Additive
Work together to express the phenotype - None will dominate
69
B locus
Allows the synthesis of black or brown pigment
70
E locus
Controls if the pigment will deposit in the fur
71
What hair coats are dominant
Short, wiry, curly
72
What gene causes reduced shedding?
MC5R gene - 2 copies means a reduced tendency to shed
73
What genes cause hairlessness?
- SGK3 gene – American Hairless Terrier, need 2 copies - FOXI3 gene – No hairless variant, 1 copy = hairless variety; 2 copies = fatal
74
A (Agouti) - cats
Wild-type coat pattern with black pigment tipping over yellow/orange background
75
Tabby - cats
Dark stripes superimposed over agouti coloring - AA or Aa to display tabby pattern - All cats are tabby but can be masked - Modifier of tabby = Sp locus (Spotted)
76
B (Black) and O (Orange)
- O gene is sex-linked (X chromosome) - O = orange; o = black (not orange); Oo = orange and black
77
What urine pH is higher, dogs or cats?
Dogs
78
Why are male cats more prone to stone development? How can these stones be resolved?
Narrow urethra can be resolved through diet, surgery, or ultrasounds to break stones apart.
79
Where does protein digestion start in a dog or cat?
Stomach
80
Cushing's disease is characterized by
Too much cortisol
81
Which of the following cat diseases cannot be vaccinated for?
FIP and FIV
82
What is the generic term when a merle dog doesn't appear phenotypically merle but is genotypically merle?
Crypto
83
The genotype that would produce yellow lab? Black? Brown?
yellow: ee and any b black: dominant B and E brown: EEbb or Eebb

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