Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

AP Bio > Unit #2 > Flashcards

Unit #2 Flashcards

(94 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

All organisms are made of…

A

cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

All cells are related because…

A

they descended from earlier cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What are the two basic structural and functional types of cells?

A

Prokaryotic and eukaryotic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are the only domains that consist of prokaryotic cells?

A

Bacteria and Archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the four basic features of all cells?

A

Plasma membrane
Semifluid substance called cytosol
Chromosomes (carry genes)
Ribosomes (make proteins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Prokaryotic cells are characterized by…

A

No nucleus
DNA in an unbound region called the nucleoid
No membrane-bound organelles
Cytoplasm bound by the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Eukaryotic cells are characterized by…

A

Having DNA in a nucleus that is bounded by a membranous nuclear envelope
Membrane-bound organelles
Cytoplasm in the region between the plasma membrane and nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Plasma membrane

A

A selective barrier that allows sufficient passage of oxygen, nutrients, and waste to service the volume of every cell (lets things in and out)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Ribosomes uses the information…

A

from the DNA to make proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains most of the cell’s genes and is usually the most noticeable organelle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

Encloses the nucleus, separating it from the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Nuclear lamina

A

Lines the envelope; composed of proteins and maintains the shape of the nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Chromosomes

A

Thread-like structures located inside the nucleus of animal and plant cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Chromatins

A

Genetic material or a macromolecule that contains DNA, RNA, and proteins which make up chromesomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Chromatin condenses…

A

to form chromatids (discrete chromosomes) as a cell prepares to divide

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Nucleolus

A

Located within the nucleus and is where ribosomal RNA (rRNA) synthesis occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Ribosomes

A

Complexes made of ribosomal RNA and protein

Carries out protein synthesis in the cytosol and on the outside of the ER or the nuclear envelope

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Endomembrane system consists of…

A

Nuclear envelope
Endoplasmic reticulum
Golgi apparatus
Lysosomes
Vacuoles
Plasma membrane

Connected or continuous by the transfer of vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

ER (Endoplasmic reticulum)

A

Network of membranes inside a cell by which proteins and other molecules move through

Accounts for more than half of the total membrane in eukaryotic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Smooth ER & Rough ER…

A

Smooth ER lacks ribosomes
Rough ER’s surface contains ribosomes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What does the smooth ER do?

A

Synthesizes lipids
Metabolizes (chemically changes) carbohydrates
Detoxifies drugs and poisons
Stores calcium ions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

The rough ER…

A

Has bound ribosomes, which secrete glycoproteins
Distributes transports vesicles
Is a membrane factory for the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Glycoproteins

A

Consists of proteins that have carbohydrate chains known as oglisaccharides (type of sugar)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Transport vesicles

A

Help move materials (proteins and other molecules) across the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Lysosome
A membrane-bound organelle that contains digestive enzymes (breaks down proteins, nucleic acids, carbs and lipids.) The enzymes work best in acidic environments. The enzymes and the membranes are made by the Rough ER then they are sent to the Golgi apparatus for further processing Think of it as the janitor of the cell
26
Phagocytosis
The process where a phagocyte (a type of white blood cell), ingests or engulfs another cell (bacteria, etc.) This forms a food vacuole and soon afterwards a lysosome fuses with the food vacuole and digests the molecules
27
Vacuoles
Large vesicles (fluid lined with a membrane) derived from the ER and Golgi apparatus
28
Food vacuoles
Formed by phagocytosis
29
Contractile vacuoles
Pumps excess water out of the cell
30
Central vacuoles
Holds organic compounds and water
31
Mitochondria
The site where cellular respiration occurs. Cellular respiration is a metabolic process where oxygen is used to generate ATP
32
Chloroplasts
Sites of photosynthesis
33
Peroxisomes
Small, membrane-closed organelle (lipid bilayer) which contains a crystalloid core (sometimes.) The core carries out biochemical reactions. Produces hydrogen peroxide and converts it into water
34
Endosymbiont theory
Suggests that an early ancestor of eukaryotes an oxygen-using nonphotosynthetic prokaryotic cell which the engulfed cell formed a relationship with the host cell, becoming an endosymbiotic (two organisms living inside one another.) Both of these organisms evolved into mitochondria. One of these cells took up a photosynthetic prokaryote which evolved into a chloroplast
35
Mitochondria
Nearly in all cells. Has a smooth outer membrane and an inner membrane folded into cristae. The intermembrane that's folded creates two spcaes/compartments, one being the intermembrane space and mitochondrial matrix. Cristae has a large surface area for enzymes that synthesize ATP
36
Chloroplasts
Contains the green pigment chlorophyll, enzymes and other function that are in photosynthesis. Is a plastid The chloroplast has thylakoids which are the sacs that are stacked to form a granum. It has stroma which is the internal fluid
37
Plastids
Group of plant organelles
38
Cytoskeleton
Network of fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm. Organizes the cell's structures and activities. It is made of three types of molecular structures called Microtubules Microfilaments Intermediate filaments
39
Cell wall
Extracellular structure that protects the plant cell, maintains its shape and prevents excessive uptake of water. Made up of cellulose fibers and embedded in other polysaccharides and proteins
40
What are the multiple layers of the cell walls?
Primary cell wall: Thin and flexible Middle lamella: Thin layer between primary walls of adjacent cells Secondary cell wall (some cells have this): Between plasma membrane and the primary cell wall
41
Plasmodesmata
Channels between adjacent cells
42
Selective permeability
Some substances are allowed to cross the membrane more easily than others
43
Amphipathic
A compound containing polar and nonpolar portions in its structure Phospholipids are this (they have hydrophilic and hydrophobic regions)
44
Fluid mosaic model
States that a membrane is a fluid structure with a "mosaic" of various proteins embedded in it
45
As temperatures cool, membranes switch from a ... state to a ... state
Fluid to solid
46
Membranes rich in ... fatty acids are more fluid than those rich in ... fatty acids
Unsaturated, saturated. Membranes must be fluid to work properly and are as fluid as salad oil
47
Peripheral proteins
Proteins bounded to the surface of the membrane
48
Integral proteins
Proteins that go through the hydrophobic core of the membrane
49
What are the six major functions of membrane proteins?
Transport Enzymatic activity Signal transduction Cell-cell recognition Intercellular joining Attachment to the cytoskeleton and extracellular matrix (ECM)
50
Membrane carbohydrates may be covalently bonded to...
Lipids (glycolipids) and/or to proteins (glycoproteins)
51
Transport proteins
Allows passage of hydrophilic substances across the membrane Includes channel proteins and carrier proteins
52
Aquaporins
Channel proteins which facilitate (makes something easier) the passage of water
53
Channel proteins
Allows the passage of ions and some molecules passively. It's like a gate
54
Carrier proteins
Binds specific molecules to be transported to one side of the membrane
55
Diffusion
The tendency for molecules to spread out evenly into available space
56
Concentration gradient
The gradual change in concentration of particles/solutes in a solution
57
Passive transport
The diffusion across a biological membrane; no energy required
58
Osmosis
The diffusion of water across a selectively permeable membrane
59
Tonicity
The ability of a surrounding solution to cause a cell to gain or lose water
60
Isotonic solution
Solute concentration is the same as that inside the cell (equal/balance)
61
Hypertonic solution
Solute concentration is greater than that inside the cell; cell loses water
62
Hypotonic solution
Solute concentration is lesser than that inside the cell; cell gains water
63
Osmoregulation
The regulation of the water balance in the body of an organism; mains homeostasis
64
Turgid
Firm Occurs when a plant cell in a hypotonic solution swells until the wall opposes uptake which becomes firms Plant cells need to be in a hypotonic solution
65
Flaccid
Limp Occurs when a plant cell and its surroundings are isotonic, the cell becomes limp
66
In a ... environment, plant cells lose water
hypertonic
67
Plasmolysis
In a hypertonic environment, the cell loses water and the membrane pulls away from the cell wall which causes the plant to wilt (lethal)
68
Facilitated diffusion
Transport proteins speed the passive movement of molecules across the plasma membrane
69
Ion channels
Facilitate the diffusion of ions
70
Gated channels
Opens or/and closes in response to a stimulus (is also an ion channel)
71
Active transport
Moves substances against their concentration gradients (requires energy)
72
Sodium-potassium pump
One type of active transport system
73
Membrane potential
Voltage difference across a membrane Voltage is created by differences in the distribution of positive and negative ions across a membrane
74
Electrochemical gradient
Two combined forces that drive the diffusion across a membrane Chemical force (the ion's concentration gradient) Electrical force (the effect of the membrane potential on the ion's movement)
75
Electrogenic pump
A transport protein that generates voltage across a membrane
76
Proton pump
An integral membrane protein pump that builds up a proton gradient across a biological membrane
77
Cotransport
Occurs when active transport of a solute indirectly drives transport of other substances
78
Exocytosis
Transport vesicles migrate to the membrane and fuse with it, releasing their contents outside the cell Many secretory cells use exocytosis to export their products
79
Endocytosis
The cell takes in macromolecules by forming vesicles from the plasma membrane. This involves different proteins than exocytosis There are three types: Phagocytosis (cellular eating) Pintocytosis (cellular drinking) Receptor-mediated endocytosis
80
Pinocytosis
Extracellular fluids or particles are ingested by the cell into tiny vesicles
81
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Binding of ligands to receptors triggers vesicle formation
82
Ligand
Any molecule that binds specifically to a receptor site of another molecule
83
Water potential
A measure of how likely water is to move from one location (outside the cell) to another (inside the cell) Water loooves going towards what is negative on the number line
84
Pressure potential
Turgor potential or pressure. Pressure exerted on water in a cell
85
Solute potential
Negative in plant cell and zero in distilled water
86
Water potential formula
Ψ = ΨS + ΨP
87
Solute potential formula
Ѱs = -iCRT -i --> 1 if sugar (glucose or sucrose), 2 if NaCl (don't forget to multiply whichever number it is by negative!) C --> Molar concentration R --> 0 = 0.0831 T --> ALWAYS K (Kelvin)!!! 273 + C degrees
88
A cell with a large amount of rough ERs will perform...
Production and secretion of proteins
89
Which two cellular organelles in eukaryotes have both electron transport systems and chemiosmotic mechanisms?
Chloroplasts and mitochondria
90
An investigator wants to understand whether a newly found membrane protein is involved in membrane transport of a certain particle. Which investigation will help determine whether the new membrane protein is a channel protein involved in membrane transport?
Add more of the proteins to the plasma membrane and measure the rate of the particle movement.
91
What process is most likely to occur as a result of an animal cell receiving a signal to initiate apoptosis?
Lysosomes will release digestive enzymes into the cytosol.
92
Describe the effect on water transport across the cell membrane if aquaporin ceases to function
Water molecules will still be able to move across the cell membrane but at a slower rate.
93
If ATP breakdown (hydrolysis) is inhibited, what type of movement across cell membranes is also inhibited?
Passage of a solute against its concentration gradient
94
What evolutionary advantage does compartmentalization of core metabolic processes offer eukaryotes?
Evolution of a nucleus in eukaryotes separates the processes of transcription and translation and they can be regulated separately.

AP Bio (3 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions