Unit 2 Flashcards
(46 cards)
The 5 Eras of Development
1) The Classical Management Era
2) The Behavioural Management Era
3) The Quantitative Management Era
4) The Modern Management Era
5) Present Management Issues Era
The Classical Management Era
Focuses on efficiency and structure, emphasizing scientific management, administrative principles and bureaucratic organization.
The Behavioural Management Era
Occurred in response to the limitations of classical theories, emphasizing human relations, employee motivation, and the importance of leadership in influencing productivity.
The Quantitative Management Era
Developed during and after World War ll, applying mathematical models and statistical techniques to improve decision-making and resource distribution.
The Modern Management Era
Introduced system thinking and contingency theory, recognizing that organizations must adapt to their environments.
Present Management Issues Era
Focuses on quality, globalization, technology, and diversity, reflecting the complex nature of today’s business world.
Classical Management Approach Assumption
People at work act in a rational manner that is caused by economic concerns.
The Classical Perspective Assumes
Employees will work harder if their tasks are clearly defined and their motivations align with the corporation’s goal.
The 5 major contributors to the scientific management, administrative principles, and bureaucratic organization approaches.
1) Frederick Taylor
2) The Gilbreths
3) Henry Fayol
4) Mary Parker Follett
5) Max Weber
Frederick Taylor
Introduced the scientific management methods to improve workplace efficiency. He believed that work should be studied systematically to determine the most efficient way to complete tasks, and standardized methods should be developed to increase productivity.
The Gilbreths
Added on to Taylor’s scientific management ideas by focusing on reducing workers’ fatigue and improving productivity through motion studies. They believed unnecessary steps could be eliminated by analyzing workers’ movements to enhance efficiency.
Henry Fayol
He introduced the administrative principles that focused on the overall management of organizations rather than just individual worker efficiency. He identified five key functions of management and had 14 principles.
Henry Fayol’s 5 Key Functions
1) Planning
2) Organizing
3) Commanding
4) Coordinating
5) Controlling
Henry Fayol’s 14 principles
1) Division of Labour
2) Authority
3) Discipline
4) Unity of command
5) Unity of direction
6) Subordination of Individual Interest
7) Remuneration
8) Centralization
9) Scalar Chain
10) Order
11) Equity
12) Personnel Tenure
13)Initiative
14) Esprit de corps
Mary Parker Follett
Contributed to the administrative principles and believed that power should be shared between managers and workers, she emphasized collaboration, teamwork, and participatory management, promoting the idea that employees should be actively involved in decision-making processes.
Max Weber
Created the bureaucratic organization method, which he saw as the most efficient way to run large organizations. His method emphasized 5 key characteristics.
Max Weber’s 5 Key Characteristics
1) A Clear division of labour
2) Clear hierarchy of authority
3) Formal rules and procedures
4) Impersonality
5) Careers based on merit
Behavioural Management Approach Assumption
Employees are social beings who seek meaningful work relationships and that their satisfaction influences productivity.
Hawthorne Studies
Contributed to management theory by demonstrating the importance of social and psychological factors in the workplace. The studies revealed that worker performance improved when they received special attention from management. This is known as the “Hawthorne effect”.
Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
Contributed to management by explaining how human motivation operates in a five-level structure and also introduced two key principles.
Maslow’s 5 Level Structure of Human Motivation
1) Self-actualization needs
2) Esteem needs
3) Social needs
4) Safety needs
5) Physiological needs
Maslow’s Two Key Principles
1) The Deficit Principle - A satisfied need is not a motivator of behaviour
2) The Progression Principle - The five needs exist in a hierarchy of prepotency.
McGregor’s Theory X
Workers dislike work, lack ambition, are irresponsible, resist change, and prefer to be led.
McGregor’s Theory Y
Workers are willing to work, capable of self-direction, and seek responsibility, and is a more effective management approach.
