Unit 2, 3, and Awakenings Test Flashcards
(25 cards)
How did different stimuli lead to the reactions of patients?
- Music reached a different part of the brain that other things cannot reach. When the right music was played, the patients were able to move on their own.
- When a ball was thrown at them, they were able to catch the ball even in their catatonic state.
- Lucy stopped at a certain space on the floor because the pattern was not continued. When it was, she continued to walk around.
What disease were they all originally diagnosed with?
encephalitis lethargica
What drug was used to treat them, and what was its original purpose (what disease was it created for)?
L-Dopa was the drug used on the patients. It was originally created to help treat patients with Parkinson’s disease but the patients had such similar symptoms that Dr. Sayer decided that the drug could work for his patients.
What was the first think Leonard did when he “awoke”?
He got up from his bed and began drawing.
The patients in the case study that were in a catatonic “frozen” state, were they conscious, yes or no, and be able to explain your repsonse?
They were conscious because stimuli were able to reach them and move their bodies. If their brains weren’t conscious, they wouldn’t be able to do so. Not only that, Lucy and Lenny both showed signs that they felt trapped. Lenny through his poem and Lucy through her knowledge of being trapped when she walks to the window.
What types of development does Developmental Psychology focus on?
Physical, cognitive, and social
What were “Harlow’s Monkeys”? How does this relate to attachment and separation?
Harlow’s Monkeys was an experiment conducted to understand whether or not physical nourishment was enough to bind infants to primary caregivers. One monkey was made of only metal and gave milk while another was made with something similar to monkey fur but didn’t provide milk. The monkey was left in between the two mothers. Even though one was needed for physical development, the monkey continued to stay with the furry monkey as long as possible, only leaving for the other monkey when it was hungry. The monkeys were separated from their biological mothers, leaving them attached to no primary caregiver. The monkeys that were deprived of a secure attachment were withdrawn and speechless.
What are the different types of attachments?
Secure and Insecure attachments. Infants grow to rely on a primary caregiver for survival.
What are the different types of parenting and their effects on adolescents?
Authoritarian, which may boost self esteem, self reliance, independence, and make children achievement-oriented. Permissive, makes children have worse academic performence, more likely to be involved with drugs, but also provides a more secure attachment relationship.
Piaget’s four stages of development
Sensorimotor (0-2) - learning to coordinate sensation and perception with motor activity
Preoperational (2-6/7) - children begin to use language to represent objects
Concrete operational (7-11/12) - children begin to show signs of adult thinking and rules
Formal operations (12-adulthood) - represents cognitive maturity transcend concrete situations
What is the role that friendship plays in adolescent development?
Friendships allow an adolescent to feel more belonging and secure in an environment. Not only that, they strengthen the ability to care, contribute to self esteem, and provide support and understanding. Adolescents struggle with the need to blend in but also stand out.
How do neurons in the brain communicate with each other?
Nerve cells communicate via a combination of chemical and electrical signals.
What do neurons turn electrical impulses into?
Chemical signals
What are the effects of drugs on the brain?
Heroin - mimics body’s natural opioids and turns off inhibitory neurotransmitters, relasing dopamine and produces feelings of happiness. This is used as a painkiller because of its release of dopamine
Ecstacy - mimics serotonin and enters the cell, confusing the transporters into moving the actual serotonin out the cell. They attach onto the synaptic cleft and overstimulate the cell. Ecstasy is responsible for mood, sleep, perception, and appetite and indirectly affects the reward pathway.
Marijuana - mimics body’s natural cannabanoids and turns off inhibitory neurotransmitters, releasing dopamine and happy feelings. Removes short term memories, slow down movement, and make people feel more relaxed.
Meth - mimics dopamine and is taken into the cell. It goes into vesicles and forces actual dopamine to leave the cell. Excess dopamine latches on to synaptic cleft and overstimulates the cell. Affects reward pathway.
Alcohol - attaches to inhibitory receptors to make them more inhibitory and blocks glutamate receptors, preventing glutamates from exciting the cell. Affects memory formation, decision making, and impulse control
Cocaine - blocks transporters from allowing dopamine back into the cell which overstimulates it. Affects reward pathway and voluntary movements
LSD - mimics serotonin but because there are different types of serotonin receptors, the LSD reaction differs. Some may inhibit while others excite. Affects feelings of wakefulness.
Why can some people overcome drugs while others cannot?
Depending on the person’s will to overcome their drug addiction, some people will be able to overcome their addiction while others will not. The longer a person is on drugs, the harder it may be to overcome it because the person has been reliant on the drug for so long. Not only that, the person must also have a strong will to overcome it. If not, it will be harder for the person to overcome the addiction.
Can psychological disorders be inherited?
Yes. Some examples are alcoholism, depression, anxiety, and schizophrenia.
What are Acetylcholine and Dopamine important to the brain and body?
Both neurotransmitters control movement. Acetylcholine is the neurotransmitter in charge of motor neurons and affect voluntary movements. Lack of this neurotransmitter leads to a loss of movement. Dopamine is the neurotransmitter that allows people to feel pleasure and satisfaction. High levels of Dopamine lead to halucinations while low levels lead to lack of motivation and delayed/uncoordinated movements.
What is sound caused by?`
They are caused by vibrations that cause changes in air pressure.
What three parts of the brain is affected by drugs?
The three primary areas of the brain that drugs affect are the brain stem, the limbic system, and the cerebral cortex.
When a drug user develops a tolerance to a drug, it causes what to happen?
The person’s brain grows to be more tolerant and requires more drugs to satisfy its needs.
What differences do puberty bring out between males and females?
Differences in self-esteem, release of different hormones, and changes in social expectations
What are some results of child abuse victims?
Low self-esteem, depression, and anxiety
Quincenera, Bar Mitzvah, and others are examples of what?
Rites of passage (a ceremony over an important stage in a person’s life)
Drugs are able to the work on the brain because they are similar to neurotransmitters because?
They share similar sizes and shapes
