Unit 2

Question 1

research using deductive reasoning where the researcher develops a hypothesis to test based on a theory

Answer 1

Quantitative research

Question 2

used to develop theory by collecting information without having a set hypothesis to test

Answer 2

Qualitative research

Question 3

the qualitative study of a culture

Answer 3

Ethnography

Question 4

a research design which collects data from a cross-section or groups of people with different ages from the target population at one point in time

Answer 4

Cross-sectional design

Question 5

a research design which begins with one group of people, all of one age, and examines this one group if people across a long period of time

Answer 5

Longitudinal design

Question 6

a sample that represents the total population as closely as possible

Answer 6

Representative Sample

Question 7

: the gold standard, or most preferred method, for data collection in which the researcher observes the participant in an objective manner

Answer 7

Observation

Question 8

researchers may ask questions of each participant or have participants answer a questionnaire

Answer 8

Interview

Question 9

a research design in which the researcher controls most all variables to test the relationship between the independent and dependent variables; it is the only design to determine cause and effect

Answer 9

Experiments

Question 10

numerically represents the relationship between two variables; a correlation can be positive, negative, or spurious

Answer 10

Correlation:

Question 11

the individual takes in information but now manipulates the information in order to better understand it in new and different ways, modifying the cognitive structure in order to create new and different types of understanding

Answer 11

Accommodation:

Question 12

the process of adaptation allowed for qualitative shifts in the individual/environmental interaction

Answer 12

Adaptation

Question 13

the individual takes in information then manipulates the information so it fits an existing cognitive structure (i.e., things the individual already knows and understands), but ignores or voids information the individual can’t make sense of

Answer 13

Assimilation

Question 14

is the bond developed between caregiver and child as a result of the synchronicity of their interactions to promote the survival of the child

Answer 14

Attachment

Question 15

the system that accounts for changes in the life course due to sociohistorical changes in society

Answer 15

choronosystem

Question 16

the process of taking information into the mind, limited to about 5-7 bits of information at any given time

Answer 16

Chunking:

Question 17

where a naturally occurring or unconditioned stimulus was paired with an unnatural or conditioned stimulus in order to obtain the same response

Answer 17

Classical conditioning

Question 18

: the structures of the mind; collection of schemata; qualitative nature of intellectual activity in Piaget’s theory

Answer 18

Cognitive structures

Question 19

a third type of reasoning in which individuals are able to act on their world in logical ways

Answer 19

Concrete operations

Question 20

a window of time that is of a particular importance for the development of a characteristic

Answer 20

Critical period

Question 21

using a general principle or observations to predict something in a specific case

Answer 21

Deductive reasoning

Question 22

periods of cognitive imbalance (i.e., periods where we don’t really truly understand all the information we have taken in

Answer 22

Disequilibrium

Question 23

is the rational, conscious part of an individual.

Answer 23

Ego

Question 24

a form of or our understanding of the world and our relationship to it

Answer 24

Egocentrism

Question 25

a sense of a predetermined unfolding personality

Answer 25

Epigenetic principle

Question 26

the impact of the social setting itself. The setting or context does not play an active role in development, but may influence development as a result.

Answer 26

Exosystem

Question 27

a type of reasoning wherein individuals can act on their world by applying mental operations and logic to abstract concepts, not just concrete ones.

Answer 27

Formal operations

Question 28

refers to a developmental shift in reasoning as thinking changes and matures across children just as the physical body does

Answer 28

Genetic epistemology

Question 29

is the animalistic part of the mind with drives that seek immediate gratification

Answer 29

Id

Question 30

the individual at the center of external input according to social ecology

Answer 30

Individual system

Question 31

using specific instances to form a general theory that may or may not be true

Answer 31

Inductive reasoning

Question 32

stored memory that must be recalled and is not active

Answer 32

Long-term memory

Question 33

the culture in which an individual lives, including behavior patterns, beliefs, attitudes, ethnic heritage, economic structure, religious traditions, etc.

Answer 33

Macro system

Question 34

the setting in which the individual lives and participates actively with specific roles

Answer 34

Microsystem

Question 35

the culture in which an individual lives, including behavior patterns, beliefs, attitudes, ethnic heritage, economic structure, religious traditions, etc.

Answer 35

Mesosystem

Question 36

: a social learning perspective in which one demonstrates how to do things to someone else

Answer 36

Modeling

Question 37

a social learning perspective in which one learns by watching someone else engage in behaviors

Answer 37

Observation

Question 38

where behaviors are strengthened through the use of reinforcement

Answer 38

Operant conditioning

Question 39

intuitive use of mental operations, as young children, mental reasoning is limited in that individuals are unable to apply logic, nor are they able to comprehend any perspective other than our own

Answer 39

Preoperations

Question 40

thoughts that are verbalized as children make the transition to combine speech and thought. Offers great insight into children's minds.

Answer 40

Private speech

Question 41

: a therapeutic process in which the therapist attempts to help the patient uncover painful, suppressed memories from the unconscious mind

Answer 41

Psychoanalysis

Question 42

anything that works to decrease the strength of a behavior by the provision of something seen by the learner as negative, or the removal of something seen by the learner as positive

Answer 42

Punishment

Question 43

Positive reinforcement occurs when behavior is rewarded through the provision of something seen as positive to the learner, whereas negative reinforcement occurs when behavior is rewarded through the removal of something seen as negative to the learner

Answer 43

Reinforcement

Question 44

Initially we process information using our senses and motor skills. Piaget contends we act on our world and adapt to it using the information we can see, hear, smell, taste, and touch, in conjunction with our ability to use motor skills to further manipulate our environment

Answer 44

Sensorimotor

Question 45

the perception and memory of external stimuli by the senses

Answer 45

Sensory memory

Question 46

working memory of the conscious mind

Answer 46

Short-term memory

Question 47

conscience, is the internalization of rules and morals to further govern behavior

Answer 47

Superego

Question 48

Theory:

Answer 48

a set of interconnected statements used to describe unobservable structures, mechanisms, or processes and to relate them to each other to observable events

Question 49

a range of tasks bordered on one end by those skills an individual can do without assistance from others and on the other by those skills an individual can accomplish with assistance from a person more knowledgeable in that particular skill

Answer 49

Zone of proximal development (ZPD):