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AP PSYCH > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

What is hindsight bias common with?

A

Children and adults

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2
Q

What is our everyday taking limited by?

A

Overconfidence

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3
Q

What attitudes characterize the scientific approach?

A

Curiosity, skepticism, humility

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4
Q

Reasoning that examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

A

Critical thinking

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5
Q

What are theories based on?

A

New observations

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6
Q

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts behaviors or events

A

Theory

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7
Q

Testable predictions that allow scientists to evaluate a theory

A

Hypotheses

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8
Q

What gives direction to research?

A

Theories and hypotheses

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9
Q

What are the three different methods?

A
  1. Descriptive
  2. Correlation
  3. Experimental
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10
Q

The research strategy in which one or more individuals is studied in depth to reveal universal principles of behavior

A

Case study

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11
Q

What can case studies suggest for further studies?

A

Hypotheses

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12
Q

Method in which a group of people is questioned about their attitudes or behavior

A

Survey

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13
Q

What is an important factor in the validity of survey research?

A

Wording and order of questions

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14
Q

What are we most likely to do when we get select samples that are especially vivid?

A

Over generalize and make mistaken judgements

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15
Q

Are large or small samples better?

A

Large

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16
Q

Represents the population being studied

A

Random sample

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17
Q

Does everyone have a chance of being included in random sampling?

A

Yes

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18
Q

The research method in which people or animals are directly observed in their natural environment

A

Naturalistic observation

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19
Q

If case studies, surveys, and natural observation do not explain behavior; what do they do?

A

Describe it

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20
Q

When are people more likely to laugh?

A

Social situations

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21
Q

When changes in one factor are accompanied by changes in another

A

Correlation

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22
Q

What is a graphical representation of a correlation coefficient?

A

Scatter plot

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23
Q

If two factors increase or decrease together what is that called?

A

Positive correlation

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24
Q

If one factor increases, and the other decreases what is that called?

A

Negative correlation

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25
How do negative correlations relate?
Inversely
26
Does correlation predict cause and effect?
NO!!!
27
Why does correlation not enable explanation?
Because two events may both be caused by some other event
28
A perceived correlation that does not really exist
Illusory correlation
29
How do researchers isolate cause and effect?
They statistically control for other factors
30
How do scientists study cause and effect?
Experiments and randomly assigning participants to groups
31
How does a researcher manipulate the factor of interest?
By holding a constant variable (controlling other factors)
32
What happens if a behavior changes when an experimental factor is varied?
The researcher knows the factor is having an effect
33
When the participants nor the researcher knows which condition a participant is in
Double blind
34
Fake drug used to compare side effects
Placebo
35
Receive the experimental treatment
Experimental group
36
Do not receive the treatment
Control group
37
Factor being manipulated
Independent variable
38
The measurable factor that may change as a result of an experiments manipulations
Dependent variable
39
What is the aim of an experiment?
To manipulate an independent variable, measure the dependent, and control all other variables
40
What do researchers use to help themselves and interpret their observations?
Statistics
41
What must researchers do once they have gathered their data?
Organize it
42
What is important to do when you make a graph?
Read the scale labels and note the range
43
Why should you note the range?
To avoid being mislead by misrepresented data
44
What are the 3 measures of central tendency?
1. Mean 2. Median 3. Mode
45
When a distribution is lopsided
Skewed
46
How can the mean be biased?
By a few extreme scores
47
What is more reliable, a score with low or high variability?
Low
48
What are the different measures of variation?
Range, standard deviation
49
Is range always accurate?
No, one extreme score could make a difference
50
What is a more accurate measure of variation, why?
Standard variation, does use info from each score in the distribution
51
Bell shaped distribution in which most scores fall near the mean with fewer and fewer near the extremes
Normal curve
52
What is safer to generalize from; a representative sample, or a biased sample?
Representative sample
53
Are averages more reliable with high, or low scores?
Low
54
Is it better to get small samples, or large samples?
Large
55
What are tests of statistical significance used to estimate?
Whether observed differences are real, to make sure they are real, to make sure they are not simply the result of chance variation
56
How can we tell if the differences are probably real?
If the sample averages are reliable and the difference between them is relatively large
57
What does statistical significance not necessarily indicate?
The importance or practical significance of a difference of a result
58
What are psychologist's concerns in lab experiments?
Underlying theoretical principles
59
Why do psychologists conduct experiments on simplified behaviors in a lab environment?
To gain control over the many variables in the "real world"
60
What does culture refer to?
1. Behavior 2. Ideas 3. Attitudes 4. Values and traditions Shared by a large group of people
61
Although people are different across cultures what is the same?
The underlying process
62
The tendency to perceive an outcome that has occurred as being obvious and predictable
Hindsight bias

AP PSYCH (2 decks)

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