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AP PSYCH > Unit 2 > Flashcards

Unit 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is hindsight bias common with?

A

Children and adults

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2
Q

What is our everyday taking limited by?

A

Overconfidence

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3
Q

What attitudes characterize the scientific approach?

A

Curiosity, skepticism, humility

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4
Q

Reasoning that examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and assesses conclusions

A

Critical thinking

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5
Q

What are theories based on?

A

New observations

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6
Q

An explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes and predicts behaviors or events

A

Theory

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7
Q

Testable predictions that allow scientists to evaluate a theory

A

Hypotheses

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8
Q

What gives direction to research?

A

Theories and hypotheses

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9
Q

What are the three different methods?

A
  1. Descriptive
  2. Correlation
  3. Experimental
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10
Q

The research strategy in which one or more individuals is studied in depth to reveal universal principles of behavior

A

Case study

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11
Q

What can case studies suggest for further studies?

A

Hypotheses

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12
Q

Method in which a group of people is questioned about their attitudes or behavior

A

Survey

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13
Q

What is an important factor in the validity of survey research?

A

Wording and order of questions

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14
Q

What are we most likely to do when we get select samples that are especially vivid?

A

Over generalize and make mistaken judgements

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15
Q

Are large or small samples better?

A

Large

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16
Q

Represents the population being studied

A

Random sample

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17
Q

Does everyone have a chance of being included in random sampling?

A

Yes

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18
Q

The research method in which people or animals are directly observed in their natural environment

A

Naturalistic observation

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19
Q

If case studies, surveys, and natural observation do not explain behavior; what do they do?

A

Describe it

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20
Q

When are people more likely to laugh?

A

Social situations

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21
Q

When changes in one factor are accompanied by changes in another

A

Correlation

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22
Q

What is a graphical representation of a correlation coefficient?

A

Scatter plot

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23
Q

If two factors increase or decrease together what is that called?

A

Positive correlation

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24
Q

If one factor increases, and the other decreases what is that called?

A

Negative correlation

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25
Q

How do negative correlations relate?

A

Inversely

26
Q

Does correlation predict cause and effect?

A

NO!!!

27
Q

Why does correlation not enable explanation?

A

Because two events may both be caused by some other event

28
Q

A perceived correlation that does not really exist

A

Illusory correlation

29
Q

How do researchers isolate cause and effect?

A

They statistically control for other factors

30
Q

How do scientists study cause and effect?

A

Experiments and randomly assigning participants to groups

31
Q

How does a researcher manipulate the factor of interest?

A

By holding a constant variable (controlling other factors)

32
Q

What happens if a behavior changes when an experimental factor is varied?

A

The researcher knows the factor is having an effect

33
Q

When the participants nor the researcher knows which condition a participant is in

A

Double blind

34
Q

Fake drug used to compare side effects

A

Placebo

35
Q

Receive the experimental treatment

A

Experimental group

36
Q

Do not receive the treatment

A

Control group

37
Q

Factor being manipulated

A

Independent variable

38
Q

The measurable factor that may change as a result of an experiments manipulations

A

Dependent variable

39
Q

What is the aim of an experiment?

A

To manipulate an independent variable, measure the dependent, and control all other variables

40
Q

What do researchers use to help themselves and interpret their observations?

A

Statistics

41
Q

What must researchers do once they have gathered their data?

A

Organize it

42
Q

What is important to do when you make a graph?

A

Read the scale labels and note the range

43
Q

Why should you note the range?

A

To avoid being mislead by misrepresented data

44
Q

What are the 3 measures of central tendency?

A
  1. Mean
  2. Median
  3. Mode
45
Q

When a distribution is lopsided

A

Skewed

46
Q

How can the mean be biased?

A

By a few extreme scores

47
Q

What is more reliable, a score with low or high variability?

A

Low

48
Q

What are the different measures of variation?

A

Range, standard deviation

49
Q

Is range always accurate?

A

No, one extreme score could make a difference

50
Q

What is a more accurate measure of variation, why?

A

Standard variation, does use info from each score in the distribution

51
Q

Bell shaped distribution in which most scores fall near the mean with fewer and fewer near the extremes

A

Normal curve

52
Q

What is safer to generalize from; a representative sample, or a biased sample?

A

Representative sample

53
Q

Are averages more reliable with high, or low scores?

A

Low

54
Q

Is it better to get small samples, or large samples?

A

Large

55
Q

What are tests of statistical significance used to estimate?

A

Whether observed differences are real, to make sure they are real, to make sure they are not simply the result of chance variation

56
Q

How can we tell if the differences are probably real?

A

If the sample averages are reliable and the difference between them is relatively large

57
Q

What does statistical significance not necessarily indicate?

A

The importance or practical significance of a difference of a result

58
Q

What are psychologist’s concerns in lab experiments?

A

Underlying theoretical principles

59
Q

Why do psychologists conduct experiments on simplified behaviors in a lab environment?

A

To gain control over the many variables in the “real world”

60
Q

What does culture refer to?

A
  1. Behavior
  2. Ideas
  3. Attitudes
  4. Values and traditions
    Shared by a large group of people
61
Q

Although people are different across cultures what is the same?

A

The underlying process

62
Q

The tendency to perceive an outcome that has occurred as being obvious and predictable

A

Hindsight bias

AP PSYCH (2 decks)

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