Unit 1 Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
What is psychology?
A
the study of human behavior
2
Q
Who concluded that the mind is separate from the body and that knowledge is born innate?
A
Socrates and Plato
3
Q
Who believed that knowledge grows from experience stored in our memories?
A
Aristotle
4
Q
Who believed that animal spirits flow from the brain through nerves enabling body movements?
A
Descartes
5
Q
Blank slate
A
Tabula rasa
6
Q
Who believed that mind at birth is a blank slate?
A
Locke
7
Q
Who formed empiricism?
A
- Locke
2. Bacon
8
Q
The view that science should rely on observation and experimentation
A
Empiricism
9
Q
Who founded the first psychology lab?
A
Wilhelmin Wundt
10
Q
When and where was the first psych lab founded?
A
Germany, 1879
11
Q
Who introduced the school of structuralism?
A
Edward Titchener
12
Q
Explored basic elements of mind using the method of introspection
A
Structuralism
13
Q
What method was proved unreliable?
A
Structuralism
14
Q
Who assumed that thinking developed because it was adaptive?
A
William James
15
Q
Who founded the school of functionalism?
A
William James
16
Q
Functionalism
A
How mental and behavioral processes enable the organism to adapt, survive, and flourish
17
Q
First female president of American Psychological Association
A
Mary Calkins
18
Q
First woman to receive PH.D. in psychology
A
Margaret Washburn
19
Q
What are the historical roots of psychology?
A
- Biology
2. Philosophy
20
Q
Who pioneered the study of learning?
A
Ivan Pavlov
21
Q
Who was a personality theorist?
A
Sigmund Freud
22
Q
Studied Children
A
Jean Piaget
23
Q
What was psychology defined as in its earliest years?
A
The science of mental life
24
Q
In later years what was psychology redefined as?
A
The science of observable behavior
25
Who forged humanistic psychology?
Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow
26
Humanistic psychology
Emphasized the growth potential of healthy people
27
The study of brain activity linked with mental activity
Cognitive neuroscience
28
The scientific study of human behavior and mental processes
Psychology
29
Why did psychology undergo a cognitive revolution in the 1960's?
It began to recapture interest in how our mind processes and retains information
30
What is behavior?
Any action that we can record and observe
31
What do they mean by "mental processes"?
Refers to the internal subjective experiences we infer from behavior
32
Psychology is less a set of finding thins than a way of _______?
Asking and answering questions
33
Are psychologists increasing or decreasing?
Increasing
34
Nature vs. nurture issue
Controversy over the relative contributions of biology and experience
35
What did Darwin believe?
Natural selection
36
Natural selection
The principles that traits contributing to reproduction and survival will most likely be passed on to succeeding generations
37
What happens with every psychological event?
It stimulates a biological event
38
What are the three main levels of analysis?
1. Biological
2. Psychological
3. Social cultural
39
What do the three main levels of analysis form?
Biopsychsocial approach to the study of behavior and mental processes
40
Psychologists who study how natural selection influences behavior tendencies
Evolutionary perspective
41
Psychologists who study how the body and brain enable emotions, memories, and sensory experiences
Biological perspective
42
Psychologists that believe the behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts
Psychodynamic
43
Psychologists who study the mechanisms by which observable responses are acquired and changed
Behavioral perspective
44
Explores how we encode, process, store, and retrieve information
Cognitive perspective
45
Explore how people attempt to fill their potential
Humanistic perspective
46
Psychologists who study how thinking and behavior vary in different situations
Social cultural perspective
47
What do different perspectives in big issues do?
Complement each other
48
The branch of psychology devoted to measuring our abilities, attitudes, and traits
Psychometrics
49
Builds psychology's knowledge base
Basic research
50
Uses basic research and seeks solutions to practical problems
Applied research
51
Study our changing abilities from womb to tomb
Developmental psychologists
52
What do educational psychologists study influences on?
Teaching and learning
53
Investigate our persistent traits
Personality psychologists
54
Explore how we view and affect one another
Social psychologists
55
Help people cope with problems in living
Counseling psychologists
56
Study, asses, and treat troubled people
Clinical psychologists
57
Medical doctors who provide psychotherapy and treat physical causes of psychological disorders
Psychiatrists
58
The view that knowledge is based on experience and should rely on observation and experimentation
Empiricism
59
Used introspection to explore the human mind
Structuralism
60
A school of psychology that focused on how our mental and behavioral processes function-how they enable us to adapt, survive, and flourish
Structuralism
61
Experimental psychology
The study of behavior and thinking using the experimental method
62
The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes
Behaviorism
63
Historically significant perspective that emphasized the growth potential of healthy people and individuals potential for personal growth
Humanistic psychology
64
Study of the brain linked with perception, thinking, memory and language
Cognitive neuroscience
65
Science of behavior and mental processes
Psychology
66
Controversy that genes over experiences make the psychological traits and behavior
Nature vs. nuture
67
Of inherited trait variations, those contributing to reproductions and survival will be passed down to next generations
Natural selection
68
The different complementary views, from biological to psychological to social cultural, for analyzing any given phenomenon
Levels of analysis
69
Branch of psychology concerned with the links between biology and behavior
Biological psychology
70
An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological and social cultural levels of analysis
Biopsychsocial approach
71
The study of the roots of behavior and mental processes using the principles of natural selection
Evolutionary psychology
72
Branch of psychology that studies hoe unconscious drives and conflicts influence behavior and uses it to help people with disorders
Psychodynamic psychology
73
Scientific study of observable behavior, and it's explanation by principles of learning
Behavioral psych
74
Scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating
Cognitive psychology
75
The study of how situations and cultures affect our behaviors and thinking
Social-cultural psychology
76
The scientific study of the measurement of human abilities, attitudes, and traits
Psychometrics
77
Pure science that aims to increase the scientific knowledge base
Basic research
78
A branch of psychology that studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout a life span
Developmental psychology
79
The study of how psychological processes affect and can enhance teaching and learning
Educational psychology
80
The study of an individual's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
Personality psychology
81
The scientific study of how we think about, influence, and relate to one another
Social psychology
82
Scientific study that aims to solve practical problems
Applied research
83
The application of psychological concepts and methods to optimize human behavior in workplaces
Industrial/organizational psychology
84
A branch of psychology that explores how people and machines interact, and how machines and physical environments can be made safe and easy to use
Human Factors psychology
85
A branch of psychology that assists people with problems in living and in achieving greater well being
Counseling psychology
86
A branch of psychology that studies, asses, and treats people with psychological disorders
Clinical psychology
87
A branch of medicine dealing with psychological disorders; have a medical degree, provide treatment and therapy
Psychiatry
88
What perspective would most likely explain anger as "an outlet for unconscious hostility"?
Psychodynamic
89
The debate on the relative contributions of biology and experience to human development is referred to as?
Nature vs. nurture
90
What person who deals with psychology is a medical doctor?
Psychiatrist
91
What psychologist would most likely explore how we view and affect each other?
Social
92
For behaviorists, psychological science is rooted in what?
Observation
93
What psychologist would most likely conduct psychotherapy?
Clinical
94
The study of mental activity linked with brain activity best describes what?
Cognitive neuroscience
95
Who did the first psych lab belong to?
Whilheim Wundt
96
The __________ school of psychology focused on how mental and behavioral processes enable us to adapt and flourish
Functionalist
97
The study of current environmental influences and the importance of satisfying the needs for love and acceptance best describes which school of psychology?
Humanistic
98
Using psychological concepts to boost morale and productivity is an example of what type of research?
Applied research
99
Self-reflective introspection to discern the elements of experience best describes a technique used by whom?
Structuralists
100
Which perspective would most look at how our interpretation of a situation affects how we react to it?
Cognitive
101
The science of behavior and mental processes
Psychology
102
What questions does psychology answer?
How people think, feel, and act
