Unit 2 Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
Why is the GFHP of Nutrition and Metabolism important?
A
Deficiencies may explain other problems fluid intake is important problems r/t being underweight or obese skin is 1st line of defense against infection treatment may interfere with metabolism
2
Q
What do nutrients do?
A
supply the body with necessary elements for growth
3
Q
List the different kinds of nutrients
A
Carbs
fats
proteins
alcohol (on hormones)
4
Q
Essential nutrients (list)
A
Water electrolytes minerals vitamins and proteins for tissue building
5
Q
what nutrient is used to heal wounds?
A
protein
6
Q
Daily calorie Requirement for men? women?
A
2800
2000
7
Q
Macro nutrients (list)
A
Carbs
protein
fats
8
Q
Carbohydrates (why do we need them where do we get them?)
A
Main energy source
sources for CHO: fruits vegies grains milk
9
Q
how many calories is 1g of carbs?
A
4cal
10
Q
what percentage of calories should carbs account for?
A
55-60%
11
Q
Protein (why do we need it?)
A
essential in growth and repair of tissues
20 amino acids exist
10 essential amino acids- not synthesized by body, a complete protein food has all 10 (animal product)
12
Q
How many calories is 1g of protein?
A
4 Calories
13
Q
what percentage of calories should proteins account for?
A
12-20%
14
Q
Fats (what do we need them for? fxns?)
A
main source of fatty acids, essential for growth and development
fx hormones, tissue structure, nerve impulse, insulation, protection
15
Q
how many calories are in 1g of fat?
A
9 calories
16
Q
what percentage of calories should fats account for?
A
25-30%
17
Q
Micronutrients (list)
A
vitamins and minerals
18
Q
Vitamins
A
Water soluble: peed out by body if excess
Fat soluble: can be toxic if in excess because body holds onto these.
19
Q
List the fat soluble vitamins
A
ADEK
20
Q
Metabolism
A
process of producing and using energy within body cells fueled by nutrients -energy produced -energy used -needs to be balanced for health THYROID HORMONES PLAY A MAJOR ROLE
21
Q
Ways energy is used in the body
A
to maintain essential life processes: breathing, circulation, nervous system function
to support non essential life activities: running, working, thinking, stress management, digestion/absorption.
22
Q
Basal Metabolic Rate (BMR)
A
the amount of energy required for essential life processes.
breathing circulation and nervous system
23
Q
when is BMR measured?
A
when the body is physically, metabolically, and emotionally at rest.
influenced by: activity, hormonal imbalance, temperature, stress, and illness.
24
Q
anabolism
A
Cell building.
excess stored as fat and can be used for body needs if nutritional intake is not sufficient
fat excess=weight gain
25
BMI normal
18.5-24.9
26
Catabolism
breaking down of cells and tissues
necessary for a constant source of energy
excess= decreased weight.
27
muscle wasting caused by
excess catabolism.
28
Ingestion
nutrients taken into the GI tract, taking food into the mouth
29
Digestion
breakdown of ingested nutrients to be absorbed by body
begins in the mouth (chewing and saliva) peristalsis to the stomach, with other chemicals to break down nutrients.
When in the small intestines secretions from the pancreas liver, gall bladder and intestinal wall complete digestive process. nutrients are absorbed into the blood from the small intestine.
30
Absorption
passage of digested foods from the GI tract to blood/ lymph circulation
blood channeled to liver where metabolic processes occur
most nutrients and electrolytes are absorbed in the small intestines.
31
Transport
Movement of nutrients across the cell membrane.
32
Metabolism
Final process of nutrition, energy produced and used by body cells
33
Positive balance of metabolism
more consumed than excreted
increased demand during times of pregnancy, growing, kids.
Anabolic state
34
Negative balance of metabolism
intake less than output
loss of protein in the form of muscle and other tissue
metabolic demands are not met,
Catabolic state
35
Lab tests for metabolism
24 hr urine specimine
BUN blood test
24 hr food intake (cal count)
Albumin and protein blood tests
36
BUN normal
7-20 mg/dL
37
Albumin normal
3.4-5.4 g/dL
38
Skin
Physical barrier
protects underlying tissues, and organs
plays a role in temp. fluid/electrolyte balances, absorption, excretion, immunity, vitamin D synthesis
39
Skin Layers
Epidermis
dermis
subcutaneous
40
Epidermis
outer layer, skin color
41
Dermis
connective tissue and blood vessels, helps strengthen skin.
| TB testing done at this layer
42
Subcutaneous
connective tissue.
infiltrated with fat, blood vessels and nerves, glands.
injections/immunizations done here.
43
pressure sores
Skin deprived of oxygen
44
Stage 1 pressure ulcer
blood stasis (red spot, non blanchable)
redness not relieved by massage or pressure relief
warm to touch
45
Stage 2 pressure ulcer
epidermal loss, possible damage to dermis
moist and depressed skin erosion, abrasion, blister or shallow crater
can heal okay r/t no blood vessel damage.
46
stage 3 pressure ulcer
full thickness skin loss
ulcer can extend to the subcutaneous layer
sero-sanguinous or purulent drainage is common
healing time is longer, needs regranulation
47
Stage 4 pressure ulcer
full thickness deep into connective tissue, muscle, bone,
may have necrosis
need adequate protein and albumin levels for healing
healing time longer
may need debridement
48
two types of debridement (stage 4 ulcer)
cut away necrotic tissue
| wet to dry dressing changes.
49
healing stage 2 pressure ulcers
primary intention, epithelial migration, cell division, differentation of new epidermis
50
healing stage 3&4 wounds
secondary intention
tissue regeneration necessary
inflammation, granulation, matrix formation and remodeling (dark pink scar)
51
wound healing needs
adequate proteins, normal albumin, hemoglobin, hematocrit and transferrin levels
52
signs and symptoms of impaired wound healing
```
increased redness and swelling
pus formation
dehiscence (spreads apart)
wound color changes
decreased granulation tissue
```
53
Lymph nodes
act as filters of lymph fluid
located in the head neck breast axilla inguinal clavicle and popliteal areas
examined by palpation: roll up and down b/t fingers if palpable
not visible or palpable unless inflamed
54
Lymphadenitis
inflammation of the lymph nodes
| painful
55
lymphangitis
inflammation along the course of the lymphatic vessel
56
lymphedema
tissue swelling
| palpate by putting pressure over shin and ankle for 3-5 seconds.
57
most concerning lymph node finding
palpable nodes that are fixed to underlying tissue
58
thyroid gland
largest endocrine gland
controls metabolic rate hormone
secretes 3 hormones
59
hormones secreted by thyroid gland
T3
T4
calcitonin
60
T3
increases BMR with increased O2 consumption
increases chem. rxn rates.
increases heat prod.
promotes human growth
61
T4
same fxns as T3
can be converted to T3
secreted in greater amounts
longer life span than T3.
62
Calcitonin
Calcium metabolism
63
parathyroid glands
located on posterior surface of thyroid gland
| regulates calcium, phosphorus metabolism
64
Hyperthyroidism
bulging eyes
weakness/fatigue
diaphoresis
tachy, CP, Dysrhythmias, increased BP
wt loss, increased appetite, diarrhea or constipation
restless, nervous, insomnia, irritable, hyperactivity
65
Hypothyroidism
swollen face
decreased CO, enlarged heart, decreased blood pressure
lethargy fatigue slow speech
atherosclerosis increased cholesterol
wt gain, decreased appetite decreased parastalsis
dry brittle hair
memory impairment
66
Exopthalmus
BUG EYES r/t hyperthyroidism
67
Myxedema
facial edema r/t hypothyroidism
68
Diabetes problems in skin
chronic skin infections with ulcerations
| yeast infections under breasts, b/t fingers, toes, axilla etc.
69
Liver skin problems
jaundice, edema, ascites, impaired protein metabolism
| ETOH red palms spider veins
70
Renal skin probs
pale (pallor), platelet dysfunction (bleeding probs), jaundice, edema
71
impaired O2 Skin evidence
pallor cyanosis flushing mottling (lace pattern) cold clammy
72
PVD skin probs
pale mottling necrosis cold ulcerations
73
skin assessment categories (list)
```
color
pigment
moisture
temp
texture
thickness tugor
mobility
hygiene
lesions
```
74
koilonychia
spooning of nail r/t malnutrition
75
beaus lines
lines on nails r/t recent illness
76
clubbing
r/t respiratory function.
77
Brawny (r/t edema)
warm weeping, shiny, tight, r/t heart failure
78
OLD CARTS
```
Onset
Location
Duration
Characteristics
Aggravating
Related
Treatment
severity
```
79
GFHP cognitive perceptual definition
describes the ability to collect and use information
| decision making and other cognitive processes
80
neurological system
major biological support system
| neuro pathology affects this system
81
cognition
```
the process of knowing
involves intellectual function
learning
motivation
thinking
thought processes
problem solving
```
82
perception
the process of acquiring infor
involves using senses
meaning ful interpretation
83
goals for assessing C-P
note status of all senses
note awareness of self surroundings
ID risk factors
note ability and knowledge to manage health
84
Why is the C-P pattern important
perception of pain/severe discomfort signals possible tissue damage.
Perception is a protective mechanism, vision hearing and touch provide information used in higher cognitive processess
85
assessment for C-P
```
Level of consciousness
orientation
memory
reality based thinking
judgement
```
86
GLASCOW Coma Scale
used in the ICU
assessment tool for assessing LOC cerebral dysfunction
assesses eye opening, motor and verbal responses
87
Levels of Conciousness
fully awake- highest level
Alert- awake and oriented, responds to verbal commands
Lethargic- not fully alert, drowsy/sleepy, arousable, loses train of thought, spontaneous movements.
Obtunded- sleeps most of the time few spontaneous movements, more rigorous stimulation to arouse, decrease in appropriate responses to verbal commands
Stuporous/ Semi Comatose- Unconscious most of the time, no spontaneous motor activity, verbal responses limited or absence, rarely awake or oriented.
Comatose- unable to arouse with painful stimuli, +gag reflex, +cough reflex, if no reflexes in deep coma
88
fully awake
highest level if LOC
89
Alert
awake and oriented, responds to verbal commands
90
Lethargic-
not fully alert, drowsy/sleepy, arousable, loses train of thought, spontaneous movements.
91
Obtunded
sleeps most of the time few spontaneous movements, more rigorous stimulation to arouse, decrease in appropriate responses to verbal commands
92
Stuporous/ Semi Comatose
Unconscious most of the time, no spontaneous motor activity, verbal responses limited or absence, rarely awake or oriented
93
Comatose
unable to arouse with painful stimuli, +gag reflex, +cough reflex, if no reflexes in deep coma
94
decorticate
flexor posturing
abnormal flexion
may be in response to pain or spontaneous
brain damage ABOVE brainstem
95
Decerebrate
extension posturing
abnormal extention
to stimulus or spontaneous
damage IN brainstem
96
Flaccid
limp
| w/o muscle tone
97
Increased Intracranial Pressure (IICP)
```
decreased LOC and reflexes
headache, restless
change in resp. status increased or decreased
increased or decreased pulse
increased BP
widening pulse pressure
```
98
aphasia
inability to express oneself properly through speech
| common in stroke victims
99
expressive aphasia
cant express words
100
receptive aphasia
can't understand words
101
Neuro assessment
```
LOC:which level
Orientation: X4 person place time and situation
Pupils: PERRLA
Strength
Sensation
Babinski
Gait
Pain
```
102
PERRLA
```
Pupils
equal
round
react to light
and accommodation
```
103
accommodation
pupils constrict as objects come close
104
convergence
eyes cross as objects come close
105
Pain
is whatever the client says it is and exists where ever he says it is
106
pain threshold
point at which pain is felt
107
pain tolerance
pain endurance
108
acute pain
significant, severe
recent onset
damage or injury has occured
109
chronic pain
```
constant or intermittent
persists beyond expected healing
poorly defined
problematic
may exist for years
```
110
Somatic pain
can be localized, originates in trunk, skin, extremities or bone. external.
111
Visceral
internal organs (ischemia, spasms, radiates from origin lie with CP) can't be sharply localized (internal)
112
Phantom
from no body parts, nerve fibers.
| i.e. amps
113
Neuralgia
intense burning along peripheral nerve
114
causalgia
intense pain after traumatic injury that involves peripheral nerves from extremity.
crushing injury, degloving.
115
Pain management control
medications, oral, IV, IM, Patches
| therapeutic, ice, heat, massage.
