Unit 2

Question 1

the goal of a study

Answer 1

to be unbiased and provide good results

Question 2

EPSEM

Answer 2

equal probability of selection method

Question 3

household bias

Answer 3

when a respondent answers for a group,

over represented individual

Question 4

stratified random sampling

Answer 4

population is divided into groups called the strata

how?
divide population into strata
randomly sample each group in proportion to size (household bias)

why?
can provide more precise results
groups are different but are similar within

Question 5

types of bias

Answer 5

sampling bias
non response bias
household bias
response bias

Question 6

5 types of causal relationships:

Answer 6

cause and effect-one changes, effects other

common cause factor-external factor effects both

reverse cause and effect- opposite independent and dependent variables

accidental relationships- not effecting each other only coincidence

presumed relationship- correlation seems to exist but difficult to identify a common factor

Question 7

what are the two types of data sources?

Answer 7

primary- collected by person doing analysis

and secondary- collected by an outside source

Question 8

index

Answer 8

number that provides a measure of scale to compare data

ex. Rictor scale measures earthquakes

Question 9

in a survey you should…

Answer 9

avoid the truth

uphold a high standard for your work

Question 10

what is bias?

Answer 10

an unintended influence on a. data gathering method

Question 11

what is a thesis?

Answer 11

the focus of your project that declares what you believe and are proving

Question 12

other sampling methods

Answer 12

destructive sampling-samples destroyed in the process

voluntary response sample-people invited to participate, often skewed results because only some respond, not random

convenience samples- not random, pick random people off the street

Question 13

what is sampling bias?

Answer 13

when the chosen sample does not accurately represent the population

Question 14

inference

Answer 14

a conclusion on the population based on sample data

Question 15

quantitative data

Answer 15

variables measured numerically

Question 16

what should you not do in a thesis?

Answer 16

avoid vague language

not first person

Question 17

in Excel what does the dollar sign mean?

Answer 17

absolute or fixed

complete the same operation by the same number each time

Question 18

if statement in Excel completes the action:

Answer 18

if one is greater than a certain value a ___ will be shown if it is less a ____ is shown

Question 19

Hawthorne effect

Answer 19

people behave differently when being watched

Question 20

correlation

Answer 20

the apparent relationship between two variables

positive/negative, strong/weak

Question 21

placebo effect

Answer 21

an inactive drug is administered to a subject who exhibits a positive reaction to the drug

Question 22

what makes a good thesis?

Answer 22

be specific and focused,

should propose an arguable point

Question 23

simple random sampling

Answer 23

all selections and combinations are equally likely
deviations due to chance

how?
generate random numbers
assign the numbers to all elements in population
pull numbers at random and choose those elements

why?
easy to understand
theoretical fairness

Question 24

census

Answer 24

a collection of data taken from the entire population

Question 25

what are the 3 questions asked before a survey is taken?

Answer 25

what is the population? what should the sample size be? how are the individuals chosen for the sample?

Question 26

population

Answer 26

a group of individuals that is the focus of the study

Question 27

qualitative data

Answer 27

variables not easily measured with numbers | ex feelings

Question 28

sample

Answer 28

a selection of the population used for the study

Question 29

cross-sectional study

Answer 29

a study that considers individuals from different groups at the same time

Question 30

relative in Excel is represented by a

Answer 30

*

Question 31

discrete data

Answer 31

data that can be described using whole numbers as a result of a count ex number of cars

Question 32

larger sample=

Answer 32

better likelihood of having a good sample

Question 33

good questions are

Answer 33

simple relevant specific readable

Question 34

continuous data

Answer 34

data measurable with real numbers, always changing ex weight, age

Question 35

response bias

Answer 35

factors in the sampling method that influence the result | leading response questions

Question 36

longitudinal study

Answer 36

a study that observes individuals over a long period of time

Question 37

what are the different random methods of choosing a sample?

Answer 37

``` simple random sampling systematic random sampling stratified random sampling cluster random sampling multi-stage random sampling ```

Question 38

avoid _______ in survey questions

Answer 38

``` jargon- slang abbreviations negatives leading respondents (answer hinted in question) insensitivity ```

Question 39

survey question styles

Answer 39

open questions- answered in respondents own words closed question- response selected from a given list information question- typically in header, asks about person taking survey checklist question- "check all that apply" ranking question - rank importance from 1-5 rating questions- rating but given answers are provided "how satisfied are you"

Question 40

cluster random sampling

Answer 40

how? population organized into groups randomly pick groups survey all members of chosen groups why? cheaper and easier successful only if clusters represent different groups

Question 41

systematic random sampling

Answer 41

pushed when sampling a fixed percentage of the population ``` population size divided by sample size to find (n) ``` how? begins at random starting point and every nth is chosen why? easier to administer than simple if there is a cycle select n carefully

Question 42

what is non response bias?

Answer 42

surveys are not returned thus influencing the result

Question 43

time series data

Answer 43

data collected over a long period of time (in a longitudinal study)

Question 44

data

Answer 44

almost anything aka statistic or a body or a series of facts gathered information

Question 45

multi-stage random sampling

Answer 45

how? population is divided into groups randomly select groups randomly sample members of those groups why? even cheaper and easier than cluster random sampling