Unit 2 Flashcards
(303 cards)
1
Q
absorption
A
passage of materials through the walls of the SI into bloodstream
2
Q
amino acids
A
building blocks of proteins, released when proteins are digested
3
Q
amylase
A
enzyme secreted by pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch
4
Q
anus
A
terminal end or opening of GI tract to outside of body
5
Q
appendix
A
blind pouch hanging from cecum (RLQ)
6
Q
bile
A
digestive juice made in liver and stored in gallbladder, emulsifies fat.
7
Q
bilirubin
A
pigment released by liver in bile
8
Q
bowel
A
intestine
9
Q
canine teeth
A
pointed, dog like teeth next to incisiors
10
Q
cecum
A
first part of LI
11
Q
colon
A
portion of LI consisting of ascending, transverse, descending, and sigmoid segments
12
Q
common bile duct
A
carries bile from liver and gallbladder to duodenum
13
Q
defecation
A
elimination of feces from GI tract through anus
14
Q
deglutition
A
swallowing
15
Q
dentin
A
primary material found in teeth
16
Q
digestion
A
breakdown of complex goods to simpler forms
17
Q
duodenum
A
first part of SI, 12 inches long
18
Q
elimination
A
act of removal of materials from the body; in digestive sys. removal of indigestible materials as feces
19
Q
emulsification
A
physical process of breaking up large fat gobules into smaller ones, increasing SA that enzymes can use to digest the fat
20
Q
enamel
A
hard, outermost layer of tooth
21
Q
enzyme
A
chemical that speeds up rxn
22
Q
esophagus
A
tube connecting throat to stomach
23
Q
fatty acids
A
substances produced when fats are digested
24
Q
feces
A
solid wastes, stool
25
gallbladder
small sac under liver; stores bile
26
glucose
simple sugar
27
glycogen
starch; storage form of glucose in liver cells
28
hydrochloric acid
produced in stomach; necessary for digestion of food
29
ileum
third part of SI; twisted
30
incisor
any one of the four front teeth in the dental arch
31
insulin
hormone produced by endocrine cells of pancreas, transports sugar from blood into cell and stimulates glycogen formation by liver (promotes glucose uptake)
32
jejunum
second part of SI; empty
33
lipase
pancreatic enzyme to digest fats
34
liver
large organ RUQ, secretes biles, stores sugar, iron, and vitamins; produces blood proteins; destroys worn out RBCs; filters toxins
35
lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
ring of muscles between esophagus and stomach; aka cardiac sphincter
36
mastication
chewing
37
molar teeth
6th 7th 8th teeth from middle of dental arch (premolars are 4/5)
38
palate
roof of mouth. hard palate is anterior and supported by upper jaw bone. soft palate is posterior fleshy party between mouth and throat
39
pancreas
organ behind stomach; produces insulin and enzymes
40
papillae (papilla sing.)
small projections of tounge
41
parotid gland
salivary gland within cheek, anterior to ear
42
peristalsis
rhythmic contractions of tubular organs
43
pharynx
throat
44
portal vein
large vein bringing blood to liver from intestines
45
protease
enzyme that digests protein
46
pulp
soft tissue within a tooth with nerves and blood vessels
47
pyloric sphincter
ring of muscle at end of stomach near duodenum; normally closed
48
pylorus
distal region of stomach, opening to the duodenum
49
rectum
last section of the LI, connecting the end of the colon and anus
50
rugae
ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach
51
saliva
digestive juice produced by salivary glands
52
salivary glands
parotid, sublingual, and submandibular glands
53
sigmoid colon
fourth and last S-shaped segment of colon, just before rectum
54
sphincter
circular ring of muscle that constricts passage or closes natural opening
55
stomach
muscular organ that receives food from esophagus. stomach's parts are the fundus (proximal section), body (middle section), and antrum (distal section)
56
tryglycerides
fat molecules composed of 3 fatty acids and one glycerol
57
uvula
soft tissue hanging from middle of soft palate
58
villi (villus sing.)
microscopic projections in the wall of the SI that absorb nutrients into bloodstream
59
an/o
anus
60
append/o, appendic/o
appendix
61
bucc/o
cheek
62
cec/o
cecum
63
celi/o
belly, abdomen
64
cheil/o
lip
65
cholecyst/o
gallbladder
66
choledoch/o
common bile duct
67
col/o; colon/o
colon
68
dent/i
tooth
69
duoden/o
duodenum
70
enter/o
intestines, usually SI
71
peritoneum
serous layered membrane that holds digestive organs in place
72
gluconeogenesis
proteins --> glucose
73
glycogenolysis
storage and conversion of glucose
74
The _____ of the tooth lies _____ the gum line.
crown; above
75
tonsils removed, the surgery will take place in her ___pharynx.
oropharynx
76
periodontal membrane
holds tooth in place in the tooth socket
77
etiology
origins
78
-eti/o
cause
79
idopathic
dont know or understand a diseases cause
80
idi/o
unknown
81
aphthous stomatitis
canker sore
82
oral leukoplakia
precancerous white patches
83
herpetic stomatitis
cold sore
84
dental carries
tooth decay, most common mouth condition
85
plaque
buildup that dissolves enamel
86
eructation
burping, gas from stomach out through mouth
87
ileus
failure of peristalsis; blockage of intestines
88
esophag/o
esophagus
89
faci/o
face
90
gastr/o
stomach
91
gingiv/o
gums
92
gloss/o
toungue
93
ile/o
ileum
94
jejun/o
jejunum
95
labi/o
lip
96
lapar/o
abdomen
97
ling/o
tongue
98
mandibul/o
lower jaw, mandible
99
odont/o
tooth
100
or/o
mouth
101
palat/o
palate
102
pacreat/o
pancreas
103
peritone/o
peritoneum
104
pharyng/o
throat
105
proct/o
anus and rectum
106
pylor/o
pyloric sphincter
107
rect/o
rectum
108
sialaden/o
salivary gland
109
sigmoid/o
sigmoid colon
110
stomat/o
mouth
111
uvul/o
uvula
112
amyl/o
starch
113
bil/i
gall, bile
114
bilirubin/o
bilirubin (bile pigment)
115
chol/e
gall, bile
116
chlorhydr/o
hydrochloric acid
117
gluc/o; glyc/o
sugar
118
glycogen/o
glycogan, animal starch
119
lip/o
fat, lipid
120
lith/o
stone
121
prote/o
protein
122
py/o
pus
123
sial/o
saliva, salivary
124
steat/o
fat
125
-ase
enzyme
126
-chezia
defecation, elimination of wastes
127
-iasis
abnormal condition
128
-prandial
meal
129
anorexia
lack of appetite
130
ascites
abnormal accumulation of fluid in abdomen
131
borborygmi
rumbling or gurgling noises produced by movement of gas, fluid, or both in GI tract
132
constipation
difficulty in passing stool
133
diarrhea
frequent passage of loose watery stool
134
dysphagia
difficulty swallowing
135
eructation
gas expelled from stomach through mouth
136
flatus
gas expelled through anus
137
hematochezia
passage of fresh, bright red blood from rectum
138
jaundice (icterus)
yellow orange coloration of skin and whites of eyes caused by high levels of bilirubin in blood
139
melena
black, tarry stools, feces containing digested blood
140
nausea
unpleasant sensation in the stomach with a tendency to vomit
141
steatorrhea
fat in feces
142
aphthous stomatitis
inflammation of mouth with small painful ulcers
143
dental caries
tooth decay
144
herpetic stomatitis
inflammation of mouth caused by infection with herpesvirus
145
oral leukoplakia
white plaques or patches of mucosa of mouth
146
periodontal disease
inflammation and degeneration of gums, teeth, and surrounding bone
147
achalasia
failure of lower esophagus sphincter (LES) to relax
148
esophageal cancer
malignant tumor of esophagus
149
esophageal varices
swollen, varicose veins at lower end of esophagus
150
gastric cancer
malignant tumor of stomach
151
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
solids and fluids return to mouth from stomach
152
hernia
protrusion of an organ part through tissues and muscles normally containing it
153
peptic ulcer
open sore in lining of stomach or duodenum
154
anal fistula
abnormal tube-like passageway near anus
155
colonic polyps
polyps (benign growth) protrude from mucous membrane of the colon
156
colorectal cancer
adenocarcinoma of the colon or rectum, or both
157
Crohn's disease
chronic inflammation of the intestinal tract
158
diverticulosis
abnormal outpouchings (diverticula) in intestinal wall of colon
159
dysentery
painful inflammation of intestines commonly caused by bacterial infection
160
hemorrhoids
swollen, twisted, varicose veins in the rectal region
161
ileus
loss of peristalsis with resulting obstruction of the intestines
162
IBD
inflammation of the colon and small intestine (UC/CD)
163
intussusception
telescoping of the intestines
164
IBS
group of GI symptoms (abdominal pain, bloating, diarrhea, constipation) but without defined abnormalities in the intestines
165
ulcerative colitis
chronic inflammation of the colon with presence of ulcers
166
volvulus
twisting of the intestine on itself
167
cholelithiasis
gallstones in the gallbladder
168
cirrhosis
chronic degenerative disease of the liver
169
hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC)
liver cancer
170
pancreatic cancer
malignant tumor of pancreas
171
pancreatitis
inflammation of pancreas
172
viral hepatitis
inflammation of liver caused by a virus
173
The medical term for a stone is:
Calculus
174
Saliva is secreted from all of the following glands except the:
Sebaceous
175
This covering allows free movement of the intestines:
Mesentery
176
dentifrice
toothpaste
177
renin
raises blood pressure
178
cortex of kidney
contains nephrons, outer region
179
-ectasis
dilation
180
-ectasia
dilation, widening
181
-emesis
vomiting
182
-pepsia
digestion
183
-phagia
eating, swallowing
184
-plasty
surgical repair
185
-ptysis
spitting
186
-rrhage, - rrhagia
bursting forth (of blood)
187
-rrhaphy
suture
188
-rrhea
flow, discharge
189
-spasm
involuntary contraction of muscles
190
-stasis
stopping, controlling
191
-stenosis
narrowing, tightening
192
-tresia
opening
193
amylase and lipase tests
tests for levels of amylase and lipase enzymes in blood
194
liver function tests (LFTs)
tests for the presence of enzymes and bilirubin in blood
195
stool culture
test for microorganisms present in feces
196
stool guaiac test (Hemoccult test)
test to detect occult (hidden) blood in feces
197
lower gastrointestinal series (barium enema = BE)
x-ray images of the colon and rectum obtained after injection of barium into the rectum
198
upper gastrointestinal series
x-ray images of esophagus, stomach, and SI obtained after administering barium by mouth
199
cholangiography
x-ray examination of the biliary system performed after injection of contrast into bile ducts
200
computed tomography (CT)
series of x-ray images are taken in multiple views (cross section)
201
abdominal ultrasonography
sound waves beamed into the abdomen produce and image of abdominal viscera
202
endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS)
use of endoscope combined with ultrasound to examine the organs of the GI tract
203
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
magnetic waves produce images of organs and tissues in all three planes of the body
204
HIDA scan
radioactive imaging procedure that tracks the production and flow of bile from the liver and gallbladder to the intestine
205
gastric bypass or bariatric surgery
reducing size of stomach and diverting food into jejunum (gastrojejunostomy)
206
gastrointestinal endoscopy
visual examination of the GI tract using an endoscope
207
laparoscopy
visual (endoscopic) examination of the abdomen with laparoscope inserted through small incisions in the abdomen
208
liver biopsy
removal of liver tissue for a microscopic examination
209
nasogastric intubation (NG tube)
insertion of a tube through the nose into stomach
210
paracentesis (abdominocentesis)
surgical puncture to remove fluid from abdomen
211
AFP
alpha-fetoprotein - tumor marker for liver cancer
212
alk phos
alkaline phsophatase
213
BM
bowel movement
214
BRBPR
bright red blood per rectum
215
CD
celiac disease
216
G tube
gastrostomy tupe - feeding tube
217
J tube
jejunostomy tube - feeding tube
218
NPO
nothing by mouth
219
arteriole
small artery
220
calciferol
active form of vitamin D, secreted by kidney
221
calyx or calix
cup-like collecting region of renal pelvis
222
catheter
tube for injecting or removing fluids
223
cortex
outer region of an organ
224
creatinine
nitrogenous waste excreted in urine, creatinine clearance is measure of efficiency of kidneys to remove creatinine from blood
225
electrolyte
chemical element that carries charge in water
226
erythropoietin (EPO)
hormone secreted by kidney to stimulate RBC production by bone marrow
227
filtration
some substances pass through filter
228
glomerulus
tiny ball of capillaries in kidney
229
hilum
depression in an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave
230
meatus
opening or canal
231
medulla
inner region of an organ
232
nephron
combo of glomerulus and renal tubule where filtration reabsorption and secretion take place
233
nitrogenous waste
substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine
234
reabsorption
renal tubules return materials back to blood stream
235
renal artery
blood vessel that carries blood to kidneys
236
renal pelvis
central collecting region in the kidney
237
renal tubule
microscopic tube in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration
238
renal vein
blood vessel that carries blood away from kidney towards heart
239
renin
hormone secreted by kidney to raise BP by vasoconstriction
240
trigone
triangular area in urinary bladder
241
urea
major nitrogenous waste in urine
242
ureter
tubes leading from kidneys to bladder
243
urethra
tube from bladder to outside body
244
micturition
urination
245
cali/o, calic/o
calyx, cup-shaped
246
glomerul/o
glomerulus
247
meat/o
meatus
248
nephr/o
kidney
249
pyel/o
renal pelvis
250
ren/o
kidney
251
trigon/o
trigone region of bladder
252
ureter/o
ureter
253
vesic/o
urinary bladder
254
albumin/o
albumin protein in blood
255
azot/o
nitrogen
256
dips/o
thirst
257
kal/o
potassium
258
ket/o, keton/o
ketone bodies
259
lith/o
stone
260
natr/o
sodium
261
noct/o
night
262
olig/o
scanty
263
-poetin
substance that forms
264
py/o
pus
265
-tripsy
crushing
266
ur/o
urine
267
urin/o
urine
268
-uria
urination, urine condition
269
glomerulonephritis
inflammation of the glomeruli in kidneys
270
interstitial nephritis
inflammation of connective tissue that lies between renal tubules
271
nephrolithiasis
kidney stones
272
nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis)
group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine
273
polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
multiple fluid-filled sacs (cysts) within and on kidney
274
pyelonephritis
inflammation of lining of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma
275
renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)
cancerous tumor of kidney in adulthood
276
renal failure
decrease in excretion of wastes results from impaired filtration function
277
renal hypertension
high BP resulting from kidney disease
278
Wilms tumor
malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood
279
bladder cancer
malignant tumor of urinary bladder
280
diabetes insipidus (DI)
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) not secreted, or kidney has resistance to ADH
281
diabetes mellitus (DM)
insulin not secreted adequately or tissues are resistant to its effects
282
blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test
measurement of urea levels in blood
283
creatinine clearance
measurement of rate creatinine is cleared from blood by kidney
284
CT urography
xrays using CT to show multiple cross sectional and other views of kidney
285
kidneys, ureters, and bladder (KUB)
xray examination without contrast of kidneys ureters and bladder
286
renal angiography
xray examination with contrast of blood vessels of kidney
287
retrograde pyelogram (RP)
xray image of renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast through urinary catheter into ureters from bladder
288
voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
xray image with contrast of bladder and urethra obtained with patient is voiding
289
ultrasonography
imagine of urinary tract structures using sound waves
290
radiosotope scan
image of kidney obtained after injecting a radioactive substance into blood stream
291
MRI urography
changing magnetic field produces images of kidney and surrounding structure in three planes of body
292
cystoscopy
direct visualization of urethra and urinary bladder with an endoscope (cystoscope)
293
dialysis
process of separating nitrogenous waste materials from blood
- Hemodialysis (HD)= artificial kidney
- Peritoneal dialysis (PD) = catheter
294
lithotripsy
urinary tract stones are crushed
295
renal angioplasty
dilation of narrowed areas in renal arteries
296
renal biopsy
removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination
297
renal transplantation
surgical transfer of a kidney from a donor to a recipient
298
urinary catheterization
passage of a flexible, tubular instrument through urethra into urinary bladder
299
CKD
chronic kidney disease
300
CRF
chronic renal failure
301
C&S
culture and sensitivity testing
302
eGFR
estimated glomerular filtration rate
303
UA
urinalysis
