Unit 2 Flashcards

Question

Romans Reject

Answer 1

The idea of a monarch Think the Etruscans are too pleasure loving Strict moral code of honor and virtue

Answer 2

Rome is ruled by an Etruscan king His son thought he could do whatever he wanted, so he lusted after a virtuous married woman aristocrat He decided to rape her To uphold her family honor she commits suicide The Romans are so upset they depose the etruscan ruler Patriotic myth, statement of Roman attitudes toward women and family honor Basic Roman unit is family, larger system is based off of this

Answer 3

"The Public Thing"

Answer 4

``` Patricians (2%), the well off upper class Plebians (98%), the normal people who lived in apartment buildings ```

Answer 5

Complete authority, own all the property | Anyone that lives within the household, including slaves followed him

Answer 6

If born in Roman families, they were citizens Weren't property, but had a restricted social life Needed a legal guardian to conduct business Women had the responsibility to maintain the house's honor Women could be priestesses Aistocratic women were well educated Had a better life than Greek women

Answer 7

§ Devotion to ancestors reflected in names § Gaius Julius Caesar □ Gaius = Joe, or John, not used in public □ Julius = family of the Julii, ancestor of Iulus, public name □ Caesar = nickname acquired in career Romans wanted to make it clear which family they belonged in

Answer 8

§ The Census we use today dates back to the Roman Rebublic § Responsible for maintaining moral values § Magistrate called the Censor who gathered data about the people and the citizens of Rome, responsible for maintaining moral values □ If discovered family member wasn't being moral, could cause whole family member to fall from grace

Answer 9

§ Roman Aristocrat Holding Busts of His Ancestors late 1st C. □ Made death masks § BCE, marble § verism □ Realism, an appreciation of age § Pietas § They made Republican portraiture □ No Republican art before 1st c. BC remains, which is really weird § Pliny: □ "It was different in the atria of the ancestors where portraits offered a spectacle to behold…faces rendered in wax were arranged in separate cupboards…imagines to accompany funerals in the extended gamily." § They worshiped ancestors and gods

Answer 10

§ Internal distribution of power § Republic: Government or representatives chosen to act for people at large (no kings) § Instead of 1 King □ Consuls: 2 elected officials, patricians □ Senate: life-term, patrician men, advised consuls, created laws □ Century Assembly: (soldiers divided into blocs) based on wealth and ownership of land - 1 vote per century □ Tribal Assembly: (patricians divided into blocs) voted for consuls - 1 vote per tribe Dictator for special circumstances

Answer 11

Consists of Plebians

Answer 12

§ Rebellion, early 5th century § 98% of the population were angry because they didn't get a say in the government § 494 BC: Plebians Secession

Answer 13

® They were rectangular ® Put on display in the city of Rome ◊ To put into view the laws that were affecting Rome } What the 98% of the population's rights were

Answer 14

had complete force of law - now political equals with the patricians

Answer 15

□ "The Senate and the People of Rome" | □ The government now represents everyone as a result of compromise

Answer 16

imilarity ® Hated monarchy/kings (the power of one) ® Progressive change ® split into groups □ Differences ® Adaptation of government to the people ® Change their government according to the representation of the people ® System of representatives ◊ Not everyone gets to voice their opinions directly ® The minoritis (Plebians) were determined more by social class ◊ Determined by where you lived In Athens

Answer 17

□ Monarchy - Commander in chief/the consul □ Aristocracy - Senate □ Polity/people's Assembly - House of Representatives Judiciary Separate - Supreme Court

Answer 18

``` ○ Rome vs. Carthage ○ First Punic War ○ Second Punic War § Hannibal: sneak attack on Rome by going through the "backway" with elephants (sneak attack fails) ○ Third Punic Wars § Rome wins by burning Carthage to the ground § Rome feels very triumphant □ Much like Athens ○ Significance of the Punic wars § Impetus for Rome's shift from a small city to empire § Amass great amount of wealth § Greek influence of Roman culture ```

Answer 19

§ Romans became obsessed with Greek culture | § Brought Greek writings and sculptures back to Rome

Answer 20

§ Roman Religion § Roman Philosophy: Stoicism § Material Remains of Art and Architecture □ Temple Fortuna Virilis (Portunus) in Rome, late 2nd century BCE ® Adaptations of Greek architecture □ Livy (the greek craze for sculpture)

Answer 21

§ There is lots of friction between the two types of power § We begin to see the full scale collapse □ The government isn't working properly □ There are lots of power hungry people § Civil war leads to □ Many deaths □ Lots of destruction

Answer 22

Julius Caesar, Crassus, and Pompey ® He wanted to be in charge ® Becomes dictator of what is now France ® Sides with Cleopatra ® Becomes dominate person within culture ® Creates Julian calendar ® Purple Toga= Those In control Doesn't like critics, put people to death who spoke out against him

Answer 23

□ Polybius: Yes, because a mixed constitution of monarchy (consuls), aristocracy (Senate), and democracy (Assemblies and Councils) § Function like a human body.

Answer 24

§ Rome moved from a small entity to a large one | § Aspects of the Hellenistic kingdoms have been absorbed into the Roman Republic

Answer 25

§ Brought the Roman world into contact with other cultures § Romans were particularly fond of silk □ Aristocratic Families ○ Expansion and roads

Answer 26

Power hungry leaders

Answer 27

§ Crossed the Pompei § Successful general § Named his kid Caesarian - "Little Caesar" § "July" is named after "Julius" § Caesar Partners with Cleopatra □ Cleopatra liked to wear purple □ Caesar decided to use purple as a sign of power/emperor

Answer 28

§ Outspoken critic of Caesar | § He was OK with Tyrannicides

Answer 29

``` § Unhappy with Caesar's assassination § Second Triumvirate □ Octavian □ Antony □ Lepidus ```

Answer 30

□ Battle of Actium, 31 BC, on the west coast of Greece | Faces off against Marc Antony

Answer 31

§ Agustus Caesar ("first in honor") § Imperator -"victorious general" § Princepts -"First citizen among equals" § Pater Patriae -"Father of the country"

Answer 32

○ Reinvented the Roman Political System ○ Never Calls himself "king" ○ Turns Julius Caesar into a god - Clearly gives himself divine right ○ Problems faced him § Had to repair all the places that were destroyed § Full control of army, they have to remain outside city of Rome § Creates Pretorian guards □ Body guards that keep him safe § Tries not to spend money □ does not want people to think that he is living lavish and living like a god § Goals: □ Secure northern borders □ Make the army more manageable □ Help the population and restore confidence ® Promotes peace and prosperity very effectively ○ Pax Romana - Roman Peace

Answer 33

§ a way to maintain stability within the Roman empire § Not everyone enjoyed Roman Peace □ Sending the army to protect the Roman borders meant that rebellions and protests were quickly shut down

Answer 34

§ Moral Reforms □ Civic duty, honor, virtue □ lex Julia de adulteriis coercendis - □ Lex Julia de maritandis ordinibus □ women are killed if they commit adultery § Religious Reforms □ Building temples and infrastructure □ Needed to be reminded of their honor and duties to the gods § Art and literature □ Most famous works relate to the reforms □ "Golden age of Roman Literature"

Answer 35

◊ First Roman/Latin Epic ◊ Heroic Quest, 12 books ◊ Never completed } Aeneas = Trojan warrior } Anchises = Aeneas' father, who dies after sack of Troy } Ascanius = Aeneas' son } Dido = Queen of Carthage (refugee from Phoenician city of Tyre), who commits suicide } Latium = religion of Italy where he eventually settles ◊ It is designed to celebrate the birth and growth of the Roman Empire } Individual vs. Empire } Primarily a Roman Text – Emerges from within that context – Circles around formation of Rome (Romulus and Remus) ◊ 3 Important Themes } Relationship to Homer and the Greek Epic – Connected to Greeks but also added to it – Expanded on Homer's characters, made them more virtuous } Reflection of Roman Hero and relationship to stoic Philosophy – Cicero's on duty: "That moral goodness which we look for in a lofty, high minded spirit is secured, of course, but moral, not physical strength." } Reflection on Roman history and Augustan Rule ◊ Underlying Subject: } Women's ability to lead } Camilla - Amazon Warrior } Dido

Answer 36

against women, satirizing the state of Rome under emperors at this time. Focuses on corruption, hypocrisy ◊ Self indulgence, depravity

Answer 37

◊ Victory over Parthians ◊ Shows the emperor Augustus ◊ Brightly painted like the Greeks ◊ Would have likely been placed around the empire ◊ Victory over Parthians } Illustrated on his breastplate ◊ Celebrates Augustus as the emperor, his divine heritage, and his establishment of Roman peace ◊ Contrapposto position, youthful, idealizing of Augustus ◊ Inspired by the Doryphoros ◊ he was 60 when this sculpture was made

Answer 38

○ Octavian ○ Marc Antony ○ Lepidus

Answer 39

wants to burn the Aeneid because he's a perfectionist, but doesn't since it was commissioned by augustus

Answer 40

□ Wrote satire about horrors of the collapse of the Roman Republic □ Meant to promote Augustus while being vigorous and uplifting ® propaganda

Answer 41

◊ Subjugating people by force (against their will) ◊ Judea: was not part of Pax Romana } Is a Roman tributary (pays taxes) } Disliked by the Romans because were “problematic” } Jews had conflicting beliefs (polytheism vs. monotheism) } Romans see this area as politically turbulent } Was seen as a threat to the Pax Romana

Answer 42

◊ Preaches a radically different message from the Roman social order ◊ Ultimately seen as problematic; conflict ◊ Crucified under the authority of Pontius Pilate (Roman governor of Judea) ◊ Died on a cross (only for the worst criminals)

Answer 43

◊ Matthew 5 | } Represented a very different message from things previously written about Augustus

Answer 44

◊ Never met Jesus ◊ Very important for the spread of Christianity ◊ Is a Roman citizen which gave him access to areas that Jesus could not reach } A Greek-speaking Roman citizen who is Jewish – Perfect mix of qualities ◊ Initially very opposed to Christianity } Experiences a blinding light that causes him fall off of a horse and learns that God has chosen Jesus as a Messiah – Saul → Apostle Paul ◊ Travels about 10,000 miles in his lifetime } Brings ideas of Christianity all around, especially the eastern Mediterranean before he heads west, never makes it to Spain } Largely preaching to non-Jews (preaches to Roman citizen) – Opens the faith up to people everywhere

Answer 45

} Letters to early Xian communities – Uses these letters to talk about Christianity and what it is about – Also talks about what Paul plans to do for Christianity – Gives a sense of the fragmentation and not yet unified Christianity – Reaches out to Christian he has not yet met that may have very different ideas than he does } Incarnation (birth of God in human form, Jesus) } Redemption (X suffers and dies for sins, which redeem)

Answer 46

} Nero is one of Augustus’ successors } Was insane – Spent a lot of money on things that were grandiose w Extravagant architecture w Built a huge colosseum of himself } Huge fire that destroys much of Rome – Blamed on the Christians by Nero w Christians brought to trial w Plead guilty for being an “illegal” sect w Not guilty for the fire w Publicly executed in extremely violent ways w Shows how Christians were viewed suspiciously } Nero is forced to drink poison

Answer 47

□ Successful military general that was rising to power the same time Paul was making his way through the Mediterranean □ A balanced, sane person compared to Nero □ Time of War= 50,000 people die (short civil war) □ Elected to be an emperor to restore order to Rome ® Needs to raise money → raises taxes to bring money into rebuilding Rome ® Reclaims land to Rome ® Starts a massive building campaign ◊ Biggest legacy is the creation of the Colosseum (72-80 CE)

Answer 48

® Built on top of an artificial lake built by Nero ◊ Trying to erase the memory of Nero ® Not unique to the city of Rome ® Other Amphitheaters ◊ Built throughout the empire (similar to the colosseum) } Some in Spain ® Gladiatorial games ◊ People and exotic animals fighting ◊ Fights to the death ◊ Restaging of important battles were very common within the arena } Punic wars were restaged popularly - like in movie Gladiator ◊ Very Violent ® Holds more than 50,000 people ◊ Same as today’s sports arenas ® Not just for nobles. People of all social classes could attend ◊ Sense of Roman identity ◊ Keeps people busy (“bread and circuses”) } Distract them from the economy and problems in the empire ® Games held for 100 days- included arena flooded for naval battle with more than 3000 participants □ How it was built: ® Concrete!!! Barrel vaults hold up seating areas ◊ Easy to make and cheap ◊ Reinforced Concrete: } Building material composed of an aggregate of sand, lime, brick-and-stone, rubble, and water ® Marble, travertine shell

Answer 49

Arch, Barrel Vault, Concrete

Answer 50

} Rounded arches means – Higher buildings – Strong architecture w Build on top of one another

Answer 51

– Multiple arches together to create a tunnel – Very stable Allows bigger buildings

Answer 52

◊ Petronius (fl. 1st century) ◊ Apuleius(fl. 2nd century C.E.)- the Golden Ass ◊ Juvenal (c. 55-140 C.E.)- Satires ◊ Tacitus (c. 55-120 C.E.)- Germania and Historiae

Answer 53

} “Against the City of Rome” c. AD 110-127 – A satire that criticizes Rome – Critiques women; talks of sleeping around – Talks of indulgence – Assassins, Yes Men, bribes, liars } “Against Women,” c. AD 110-127 – In past times women were better – “Women are terrors worst than the wars”

Answer 54

○ Relatively stable part of the Roman EMpire ○ Relative peace and prosperity ○ The empire grows to its greatest extent before things go south ○ Trajan (r. 98-117)

Answer 55

§ Building campaign by Emperor Trajan § Roman empire reaches its greatest extent under his reign § ~60 million people within the Roman Empire □ Huge population of Rome, Trajan will extend the borders through many military campaigns □ His forum:

Answer 56

Forum of Trajan, Rome, 113 CE ◊ hall of justice ◊ Trubunal for justices ◊ Altars in the apses ® Decided to build it bigger than any Forum prior ® Like a marketplace/multi-functional space ◊ Socio-political space ® Basilica = rectangular public hall, usu. with a flat ceiling ® Function: civic space for legal and political affairs + temple ® At either end of the basilica there were different courts ® Basilica serves as the model for Christian Churches.

Answer 57

® On the borders between England and Scotland ® Wasn't a simple security installation ® Was a very efficient structure ◊ Allowed efficient military control ◊ Prevent raids ◊ Help people who are against the expansion of the Roman Empire ® Huge engineering Achievement ® 80 miles long (went all around the empire) ◊ Empire ran from the northernmost wall to Egypt ® It controlled the movement ® Very aggressive Symbol ® Who is Roman and who is not

Answer 58

® Another example of imperial grandeur ® Example of what they are able to create with concrete ® Serves as an inspiration for many architectural spaces ◊ Current US buildings modeled after ® Meaning, "To all the gods" ® Can accommodate a perfect sphere ® Columns symbolic of Rome's power because they were imported from Egypt ® Gives the illusion that it can rotate ® People were afraid it would fall on them ® Light moves around the oculus ® Different than the usual basilica structure, stood out as a major form of architecture

Answer 59

``` § Dionysian □ Women went crazy, very sexualized cult § Isis □ Associated with birth, marriage, and health □ Also many women joined § Mithraism □ Came from the Persian empire □ Walked on water □ Connected to sign of the cross ``` People associate Christianity with these mystery religions

Answer 60

§ Early Christian martyrs (like Sainte Foy/Saint Faith) | § They all profess the divinity of Jesus Christ, focus on sacraments such as baptism

Answer 61

``` § Good Shephard § Orans § Jonah § Typology § Ceiling frescoes § Catacombs are tombs § Pagan imagery? § Medallion □ Young man carrying sheep § Orans □ Praying figures § Lunettes □ Jesus isn't shown with a beard, not wearing imperial clothing □ Story of Jonah □ Typology: foreshadowing persons and events of NT with OT events ```

Answer 62

§ The oldest standing church § Shows how Christians gathered together § Insight into what early Christian communities looked like § Site had Roman temples to gods like Jupiter and Isis, a Jewish synagogue, and the Christian church house □ Shows diversity □ Located on an important east-west trade route § Baptisms occurred here § Walls were painted □ The murals show Jesus as a good shepherd § No focus on the passion of Christ (crucifixion)

Answer 63

§ People were practicing Christianity, despite it not being legalized □ Still a minority, but growing § Many Christians were born into Christian families □ Conversions do occur, but many were wary of conversion □ No single identifiable way to practice Christianity § Women were especially attracted to Christianity □ Jesus gave women a sense of value/meaning □ Mary Magdalene □ Women held important positions early on § Slaves were Also attracted to Christianity □ Wanted rights □ Weren't Roman citizens

Answer 64

§ Stretched to the breaking point § 265 and 284 - 26 different emperors § Every emperor is assassinated but 1 § Black plague strikes much of the empire

Answer 65

§ divides empire into 4 quarters § Creates co-rulership by 4 § Increase interest in worship of the Roman emperor to unify Empire ○ "The Great Persecution" of Christians (303) under Diocletian § Many christians did not fight back, they accepted their fate § Sainte Foy/Faith was beheaded because she refused to worship him □ Fighting back backfired on Diocletian, because their refusal to fight back intrigued them

Answer 66

○ AD 312: Battle of the Milvian Bridge § Constantine fights to become Emperor □ sees vision of Cross with "In this sign you will conquer." □ Realized he got divine help ○ AD 313: Edict of Milan § Passed edict that makes Christianity legal § Ends persecution § "No one whatsoever should be denied the opportunity to give his heart to the observance of the Christian religion." § Returns personal property that had been taken from them ○ AD 325: Council of Nicaea § Arian Controversy § Nicene Creed ○ Constantinople § Old St. Peter's Basilica, Rome, c. 320-327 □ Latin Cross Plan □ Dedicated 3333 □ built over grave of St. Peter □ Begun 320 □ Basilica: civic duties, libraries, Religion, Law

Answer 67

§ Pagan temples are unacceptable § Civic Architecture had associations with mass assemblies, imperial, and state functions § Easy to modify for Xian benefits

Answer 68

§ Arius (Arians) in Alexandria vs. Bishop Athanasius § Arius believed Jesus was Not divine/Not "One with God" § Athanasius believed in the trinity § Constantine decided that it was time to discuss ideas and settle on one set of beliefs -> council of Nicaea § Constantine agreed with Athanasius Nicene Creed (early version)

Unit 2 Flashcards

(92 cards)