Unit 2 Flashcards

(30 cards)

1
Q

What are the four modalities of somatic sensibility?

A

1) discriminative touch: recognizing size, shape, and texture of objects
2) Proprioception: sense of static position and movement of limbs/body
3) Temperature Sense
4) Nociception: pain/itch, signals tissue damage or chemical irritation

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2
Q

Describe the classes of Somatic Sensation

A

1) epicritic sensations: fine aspects of touch
- highly localizable/discriminative
- encapsulated receptors
2) Protopathic sensations: involve pain, temperature, tickle, itch sensations
- poorly localizable/discriminatory
- nonencapsulated receptors

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3
Q

Exteroceptors

A

-deals with sensation from external stimuli

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4
Q

Proprioceptors

A
  • deals with kinesthetics

- conscious proprioception relayed to cerebral cortex, unconscious to cerebellum

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5
Q

Interoceptors

A

-processing of visceral information

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6
Q

Meissner’s corpuscle

A
  • for discriminative touch

- encapsulated

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7
Q

Pacinian corpuscle

A
  • perceives vibration

- encapsulated

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8
Q

Ruffini ending

A
  • for perception of grasped objects/pressure

- deep encapsulated receptors

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9
Q

Nonencapsulated Receptors

A
  • ex: Merkel Cells

- mostly deals with touch in a nonspecific sense

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10
Q

Describe different receptive fields

A
  • small field have many neurons for fine touch (merkels, meissner)
  • large fields have fewer neurons with crude touch (pacinian, ruffini)
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11
Q

All somatosensory receptors are ____ neurons

A

pseudounipolar

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12
Q

Dorsal Root Entry Zones

A

1) small unmyelinated axons enter through substantia gelatinosa: pain, temp, crude touch, and visceral
2) Large myelinated axons enter through posterior funiculus: discriminative touch and proprioception

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13
Q

Brown Sequard Syndrome

A
  • spinal cord hemisection

- loss of both sensory and motor function

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14
Q

Syringomelia

A

-loss of pain and temp sensation

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15
Q

Explain the general significance of the DC-ML

A
  • dorsal column medial lemniscus
  • for fine touch, conscious proprioception and vibration sensation excluding the head
  • highly localizable/discriminative
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16
Q

Go through and describe the DC-ML 3 neuron pathway.

A

1) primary neuron: in dorsal root ganglion
- pseudounipolar with peripheral and central axons
- fibers enter spinal cord through the medial dorsal root entry zone (large myelinated fibers)
- small branches here for spinal reflexes
- main axon enters dorsal funiculus, and forms either fasciculus gracilis or fasciculus cuneatus: together called dorsal columns
- tracts are arranged from medial to lateral as you go up
2) second neuron: beings in nucleus gracilis and nucleus cuneatus in caudal medulla
- axons head ventromedially, though medullary tegmentum
- cross over the midline and terminate just dorsal to the pyramids as medial lemniscus (crossing fibers termed Internal arcuate fibers)
3) third neuron: medial lemniscus heads up into ventral posterolateral (VPL) thalamus and terminates in the primary somatosensory area

17
Q

Unconscious proprioception

A

1) ipsilateral: dorso-spino-cerebellar tract (lower C8) and cuneo-cerebellar tract (upper C8) goes through inferior cerebellar peduncle
2) contralateral: ventro-spino-cerebellar tract, goes through superior cerebellar peduncle

18
Q

What are the three tract of the anterolateral system? The main differences.

A
  • spinothalamic: sharp, fast pain sensation, epicritic
  • spinoreticulothalamic: slow, crude pain, crude touch sensation: protopathic
  • spinotectal: both and reflex sensations
19
Q

Describe the pathway for the spinothalamic tract.

A

1) first neuron: starts in dorsal root ganglion, associated receptors: nociceptors, thermal
- fibers enter spinal cord through lateral dorsal root entry zone and into lissauers tract
- main axon stays in gray matter of dorsal horn
2) second neuron: located either in substantia gelatinosa (lamina 2) or lamina 5 of dorsal horn
- axons decussate in anterior white commissure and move ventrolaterally (note not directly across, but up the cord a bit and across)
- continues up laterally through medulla/pons/midbrain, terminates in ventral posterolateral nucleus of thalamus
3) third neuron: from VPL terminates in primary and association sensory cortex

20
Q

Describe the pathway for the spinoreticulothalamic tract.

A

1) first neuron: in dorsal root ganglion
2) second neuron: either in substantia gelatinosa (lamina 2) or lamina 5 in dorsal horn
- like STT, fibers decussate in anterior white commissure, and move ventrolaterally, but then heads up towards reticular formation
3) third neuron: in reticular formation and project to intralaminar nuclei of thalamus
4) fourth neuron: in intralaminar nuclei and ultimately projects to many areas of cerebral cortex

21
Q

Describe the pathway for the spinotectal tract.

A

1) first neuron: in dorsal root ganglion, nociceptors, thermal, tactile receptors
2) second neuron: either in substantia gelatinosa (lamina 2) or lamina 5 in dorsal horn of spinal cord
- fibers decussate in anterior white commissure and move ventrolaterally joining with STT and SRTT
- fibers head up similar to STT but once they hit the midbrain, go to superior colliculus and periaqueductal gray
3) third neuron: in superior colliculus: DESCENDS to upper cervical spinal cord, involved in reflex control for head, neck and eyes
- in periaqueductal gray: descends, enkephalin/substance P pathway meant to inhibit the other two pathways when needed
- THIS TRACT DOES NOT REACH CONSCIOUSNESS

22
Q

General trigeminal pathway components

A

1) spinal trigeminal nucleus
2) chief sensory nucleus
3) mesencephalic nucleus
first three sensory plus the motor nucleus

23
Q

Spinal trigeminal nucleus and tract

A

concerned with pain, temp, and crude touch info from head

-analogous to anterolateral system

24
Q

Chief nucleus

A
  • main sensory nucleus
  • concerned with fine touch, vibrations, and conscious proprioception from head
  • analogous to medical lemniscal system
25
mesencephalic nucleus
- concerned with unconscious proprioception from head | - analogous to spinocerebellar system
26
Tracts of the trigeminal system
1) VTTT: ventral trigeminalthalamic tract - for fibers coming from spinal trigeminal nucleus: head up to thalamus next to anterolateral system and into ventral posteromedial nucleus and finally to sensory cortex/association cortex - from here there are also fibers that head to reticular formation and tectal pathways - for fibers coming from chief sensory nucleus: also head to VPM nucleus of thalamus close to DC-ML pathway ultimately to sensory cortex 2) dorsal TTT: from chief nucleus to VPM, not sure of use
27
Describe divisions in vision
- vertical divisions creates nasal and temporal fields | - horizontal split creates superior and inferior fields
28
Describe how optic nerves travel as it relates to field of vision
- in both eyes, the nasal field crosses over while the temporal field stays ipsilateral - the whole visual field of one eye is processed by opposite side (right visual field has right nasal and left temporal)
29
What is the relay center for visual info? | What is the primary visual cortex?
lateral geniculate nucleus | striate cortex
30
Clinical pupil reflexes
- if optic nerve damage: neither of the unhealthy eyes will constrict with light - if CN3 damage: only healthy eye will resond - argyll robertson pupils: accomodate but do not respond to light, sign of neurosyphilis