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PSYC 3070 > UNIT 2 > Flashcards

UNIT 2 Flashcards

1
Q

primary aging

A
  • physical changes that are gradual, shared, and largely inevitable as people grow older
  • differentiatied from disease
  • “normal” time lines
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2
Q

secondary aging

A
  • physical changes that are sudden, not shared, and often caused by disease, poor health habits, and environmental events as people grow older
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3
Q

free radicals

primary aging

A
  • cellular level
  • molecules or atoms that possess and unpaired election
  • by products of cell metabolism
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4
Q

antioxidants

primary aging

A
  • substances that protect against oxidative damage from free radicals
  • v. E and C
  • coenzyme Q10
  • beta carotene and creatine
  • prevent oxidative damage but do not increase the lifespan
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5
Q

replicative senescence

A
  • state in which older cells stop dividing
  • embryo cells only divide about 50 times
  • when cells stop dividing
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6
Q

hayflick limit

A
  • maximum number of times cells are programmed to divide for a species
  • number of divisions cell go through before reaching replicative senescence
  • 40 to 60
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7
Q

telomeres

A
  • lengths of repeating DNA that chromosomes have at their tips
  • both primary and secondary aging
  • shorter = increased heart disease, diabetes, obesity
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8
Q

caloric restriction CR

A
  • diet in which calories are severely reduced, but containing essential nutrients
  • found to slow down aging in animal studies
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9
Q

resveratrol

A
  • a substance found in red wine that extended the life spans of yeast, worms and flies
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10
Q

rapamycin

A
  • prevent organ transplant rejection
  • treat rare lung disease
  • works to block the effects of a protein called TOR
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11
Q

obesity

A
  • condition in which one’s weight-to-height ration increases to a point that has an adverse effect on health
  • measured in terms of BMI (body mass index)
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12
Q

body mass index (BMI)

A
  • number of derived from a person’s weight and height
  • standard indicator of body composition
  • less than 19: underweight
  • 25 to 29: overweight
  • above 30: obese
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13
Q

botox

A
  • a diluted preparation of a neurotoxin that paralyzes the muscles under the skin and eliminates creases and frown lines
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14
Q

restylane

A
  • natural substance found in connective tissues throughout the body
  • cushions, lubricates and keeps the skin plump
  • longer
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15
Q

lens

A
  • transparent structure in the eye that focueses light rays on receptors in the retina
  • thickens, yellows, less flexible
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16
Q

pupils

A
  • opening in the eye that changes in diameter in response to available light
  • slower reaction to reduced light PUPILLARY REFLEX
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17
Q

retina

A
  • structure at the back of the eye that contains receptor cells
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18
Q

visual acuity

A
  • ability to perceive detail in a visual pattern
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19
Q

accommodate

A
  • the ability of the lens of the eye to change shape to focus on near or far objects, or small prints
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20
Q

presbyopia

A
  • visual condition caused by loss of elasticity in the lens, resulting in the ability to focus sharply on nearby objects
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21
Q

dark adaptaion

A
  • gradual loss
  • ability of the pupil of the eye to adjust to changes in the amount of available light
  • begins around 30
  • marked decline 60
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22
Q

cataracts

A
  • visual disorder characterized by gradual clouding of the lens of the eye
  • images no longer transmitted sharply and in accurate colour
  • cloudy or opaque areas in part or all of the lens
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23
Q

glaucoma

A
  • visual disorder characterized by a buildup of pressure inside the eye that can lead to blindness if not treated
  • excessive fluid pressure in the eye
  • damage to optic nerve
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24
Q

senile macular degeneration

retinal disorder

A
  • visual disorder of the retina, causing central vision loss
  • vitamin therapy
  • dry (worse) and wet form
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25
Q

loudness scale

A
  • confusion between loud tones that are not being heard as well as before and softer tones that are still being heard accurately
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26
Q

sensorineural hearing loss

A
  • inability to discriminate between loud and soft sounds caused by damage to receptors in the inner ear
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27
Q

cochlea

A
  • small shell-shaped structure in the inner ear containing auditory receptor cells
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28
Q

cochlear implants

A
  • a surgical procedure that allows sound waves to bypass the hair cells and go directly to the acoustic nerve
  • more for younger individuals
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29
Q

olfactory membrane

A
  • specialized part of the nasal membrane that contains olfactory receptor cells
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30
Q

taste buds

A
  • receptor cells for taste found on the tongue, mouth, and throat
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31
Q

osteoporosis

A
  • severe loss of bone mass
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32
Q

bone mass density BMD

A
  • measurement of bone density used to diagnose osteoporosis

- hip or spine

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33
Q

patient adherence

A
  • how a patient is willing to follow instructions correctly
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34
Q

osteoarthritis

A
  • condition caused by loss of cartilage that protects the bones at joints
  • can involve pain, swelling, and loss of motion
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35
Q

hyaluranic acid

A
  • natural component of cartilage and joint fluid
36
Q

resistance training

A
  • involves contracting muscles by lifting or pushing and holding the contraction for up to 6 seconds
37
Q

stretching

A
  • lengthens muscles and increases flexibility
38
Q

neurons

A
  • cells in the brain and nervous system

- primary aging: less severe

39
Q

plasticity

A
  • in neurons, the ability to form new connections or grow new extensions
40
Q

pruning

A
  • example of plasticity
  • ability to shut down neurons that are not needed in order to “fine-tune” the system and improve functioning of the remaining neurons
41
Q

neurogenesis

A
  • growth of new neurons

- takes place throughout adult years

42
Q

stem cells

A
  • immature undifferentiated cells that can multiply easily and mature into many different kind of cellls
43
Q

myelin

A
  • fatty substance that insulates and protects the neuronal axons and is a major component of the white matter of the brain
  • increases with age
44
Q

B cells

A
  • cells of immune system produced in the bone marrow that manufacture anitbodies
45
Q

antibodies

A
  • proteins that react to foreign organisms such as viruses and other infectious agents
46
Q

T cells

A
  • produced in the thymys gland
  • reject and consume harmful or foreign cells
  • age: reduce ability to fight new infection
  • less able to fight infections
47
Q

aldosterone

A
  • production decreases
  • prone to dehydration and heatstroke when summer temperatures soar
  • kidney
48
Q

climacteric

A
  • time of life for men and women that involves the reduction fo sex hormones production resulting in teh loss of reproductive ability
49
Q

testosteron

A
  • major male sex hormones

- declines throughout age

50
Q

menopause

A
  • cessation of women’s menstrual periods, occurring 12 months after the final menstrual period
  • climacteric
  • drop in estrogen
  • complex change in progesterone
51
Q

premenopause

A
  • time when a woman is having regular periods, but hormone levels have begun to change
52
Q

perimenopause

A
  • time a woman begins having irregular periods but has had a period in the last 12 months
53
Q

postmenopause

A
  • time after a woman has not had a period for 12 months, adn it extends until the end of her life
54
Q

estrogen

A
  • female sex hormone
55
Q

progesterone

A
  • female sex hormone
56
Q

hot flash

A
  • sudden sensation of heat spreading over the body
57
Q

hormone replacement therapy (HRT)

A
  • therapy in which women take estrogen and progestin at menopause to replace hormones once produced by the ovaries; relieves menopause symptoms
58
Q

DHEA

dehydroepiandrosterone

A
  • hormone involved in the production of sex hormones for both males and females
59
Q

GH

growth hormone

A
  • synthetic version of human growth hormone that is prescribed for a limited number of conditions but widely used as an anti-aging drug
60
Q

stamina

A
  • ability to sustain moderate or strenuous activity
61
Q

dexterity

A
  • skill and grace in physical movement, especially in the use of the hands
  • skillful use of the hands or body
62
Q

balance

A
  • ability to adapt one’s body position to change
63
Q

sleep apnea

A
  • pause in breathing during sleep due to constriction of the airway
64
Q

insomnia

A
  • inability to have normal sleep patterns

- affects women more than men

65
Q

erectile dysfunction

A
  • inability for a man to have an erection adequate for satisfactory sexual performance
66
Q

cyclic GMP

A
  • substance released by the brain during sexual arousal
  • close down veins of the penis that normally drain away blood
  • short = erectile dysfuction
67
Q

hookups

A
  • casual sex without commitment
68
Q

longevity

A
  • the number of years the person lives
69
Q

average life expectancy

A
  • age at which a particular cohort can be expected to live
  • 70s for manitoban male
  • 80s for manitoban female
  • in average 80s
70
Q

maximum longevity

A
  • oldest age to which any individual of a species lives

- 110-120 y.o

71
Q

active life expectancy

A
  • age to which one lives independently
72
Q

dependent life expectancy

A
  • age to which one lives being dependent on others

- 5 years more

73
Q

graying hair

A
  • due to genetically programmed changes in the root cells that produce hair pigment
74
Q

thinning hair

A
  • due to destruction of germ centres that produce hair follicles
75
Q

diabetic retinopathy

retinal disorder

A
  • little blood vessels to retina does not supply nutrients

- detachment

76
Q

retinal detachment

retinal disorder

A
  • inner and outer area of retina detaches

- separation

77
Q

tinnitus

hearing

A
  • ringing in the ears
78
Q

presbycusis

hearing

A
  • most common caused by nature of aging
  • detect certain sound pitches
  • basillar membranes
  • caused by neural, metabolic, mechanical
79
Q

types of hearing aids

A
  • analog hearing aids
  • digital hearing aids
  • cochlear implants
80
Q

rheumatoid athritis

A
  • long term and progressive
  • inflammation, swelling, and pain
  • fingers, wrist, ankles
  • not heredity
81
Q

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

COPD

A
  • lung disease characterized by chronic obstruction of lung airflow that interferes with normal breathing and is not fully reversible.
  • includes bronchitis and emphysema
82
Q

neurofibrillary tangles

A
  • age
  • not sending messages quickly
  • fibres and neurons
83
Q

neuritic plaques

A
  • interfere with neurons
  • develop more and more when get older
  • waste materials get stuck to proteins
  • form in the brain
84
Q

duplicate neurons

A
  • redundancy ??
85
Q

testosterone replacement

A
  • used to increase sex drive and erectile dysfunction

PSYC 3070 (12 decks)

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