Unit 2: Absolutism, Revolution, and Enlightenment (1600–1800)

Question 1

Napoleon Bonaparte: Rise to Power

How did Napoleon change the revolution?

Answer 1

He ended its revolutionary phase and established a new political order, seizing power through the Coup of 18 Brumaire.

Question 2

Napoleon Bonaparte: Rise to Power

What reforms did Napoleon introduce?

Answer 2

Napoleonic Code

Question 3

Napoleon Bonaparte: Rise to Power

What is the Napoleonic Code?

Answer 3

equality before the law
property rights
secular legal system
Bank of France
education reforms
abolition of feudalism
religious tolerance.

Question 4

Napoleon Bonaparte: Fall from Power

What was the Continental System, and why did it fail?

Answer 4

A trade blockade to cripple the British economy
failed due to enforcement difficulties and Britain’s ability to find alternative markets.

Question 5

Napoleon Bonaparte: Fall from Power

Why was the Invasion of Russia (1812) a turning point for Napoleon?

Answer 5

It resulted in a disastrous retreat due to winter conditions, significantly weakening his army.

Question 6

Napoleon Bonaparte: Fall from power

What role did nationalism play in Napoleon’s downfall?

Answer 6

It fueled resistance against his empire’s expansion and contributed to his defeat in the Napoleonic Wars.

Question 7

Napoleon Bonaparte: Fall from Power

What happened at the Battle of Waterloo?

Answer 7

All of Napoleon’s enemies banded against him, leading to his final defeat and subsequent exile.

Question 8

Napoleon Bonaparte: Fall from Power

Where was Napoleon exiled, and what were the conditions of his exile?

Answer 8

He was exiled to Saint Helena.
only allowed to walk freely within a limited area and under the supervision of several British soldiers. His house was watched day and night, his letters were opened before he could read them.

Question 9

Romanticism: Main themes

How did Romanticism react against Enlightenment ideas?

Answer 9

It emphasized emotion, individualism, imagination, and a deep appreciation for nature.

Question 10

Romanticism: Main idea

What themes were common in Romantic thought?

Answer 10

Valued imagination and spontaneity.

Question 11

Romanticism: Main Idea

How did Romanticism reflect growing nationalism?

Answer 11

Both supported expression of emotion and national identity.

Question 12

Romantisism: First Stage & Second Stage

What characterized the first stage of Romanticism?

Answer 12

Nature, individual experience, emotion, idealism, imagination, reaction to Enlightenment.

Question 13

Romantisism: First Stage & Second Stage

How did the second stage become more political or nationalistic?

Answer 13

More political; aligned with nationalism and revolutions

Question 14

Romantisism: First Stage & Second Stage

What style or subjects did Romantic art explore?

Answer 14

Explored heroic individuals, emotion, natural beauty, and the sublime.

Question 15

Romantisism: Art

Who were some key Romantic artists?

Answer 15

Caspar David Friedrich, Anne-Louis Giordet de Roucy-Trioson, Francisco De Goya.

Question 16

Romantisism: litterature

What were common themes in Romantic poetry or novels?

Answer 16

Emotion, individual experience, and nature.

Question 17

Romantisism: Music

How did Romantic music differ from earlier styles?

Answer 17

Romantic:
Emphasized reason and logic
Valued order, harmony, rationality
Focused on universal truths
Celebrated scientific progress

Enlightenment:
Emphasized emotion and intuition
Valued imagination, spontaneity
Focused on individual experience
Revered nature and the sublime

Question 18

Romantisism: Music

Name at least two Romantic composers.

Answer 18

Beethoven
Frédéric Chopin (Polish)
Franz Schubert (austrian)
Hector Berlioz (French)

Question 19

Romantisism: Music

How was Romantic music different from Classical music?

Answer 19

A focus on emotional expression, individuality, and the rise of program music. While Classical music emphasized structured forms and balance, Romantic music embraced dramatic contrasts, lyrical melodies, and a wider range of emotions.

Question 20

Romantisism: Music

What emotional elements did composer Beethoven use?

Answer 20

Profound joy and intense despair. He used dramatic contrasts, sudden shifts in dynamics

Question 21

Liberalism vs. Conservatism

What did liberals believe about government and society?

Answer 21

• Focused on small government
• Belief of rights and freedoms
• Supported constitution:
• Written or non-written to detail the limitations of the government

Question 22

Liberalism vs. Conservatism

What did conservatives want to preserve?

Answer 22

• Belief that traditional governments (monarchies)
• Provided stability and order for society
• Belief Rights and freedom exist but cannot destabilize society.

Question 23

Liberalism vs. Conservatism

How did these ideologies clash during the revolution?

Answer 23

• Fundamentally different views on the nature of society and the role of government.
• Conservatives sought to preserve the existing order
• liberals aimed to transform it
• led to significant political instability and violence
• Resulted in a new political and social order
  legacy of ideological conflict continued to shape French politics for decades to come.

Question 24

Liberalism vs. Conservatism

Example of radicalization of revolutionary ideals?

Answer 24

Reign of Terror

Question 25

# French Revolution How did Enlightenment thinking influence liberal ideals?

Answer 25

- Voltaire: Specifically criticized the power of the Church using satire - Montesquieu: Advocated for the division of power - Rousseau: Rule by “general will” of the people. Developed the slogan “Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity (brotherhood).”

Question 26

# Liberalism vs. Conservatism How did revolutionary liberalism influence future revolutions (e.g., 1848, Latin America)?

Answer 26

- Providing a framework of ideas - a model for action - narrative to inspire dissent and demand change.

Question 27

# Three Estates Who made up each estate?

Answer 27

First Estate = Clergy, Church Second Estate = Nobles Third Estate = Everyone else, the average person | 98% was third estate 1.5% was 2nd 0.5% as 1st state

Question 28

# Third Estate What privileges or burdens did each estate have?

Answer 28

- First and second had privileges (land ownership, tax exemption) - Third bore the tax burden and had little political power

Question 29

# Third Estate How did the Estates-General and Tennis Court Oath challenge royal authority?

Answer 29

- Third estate broke away, forming the National Assembly - Tennis Court Oath vowed to write a condition, directly challenging royal authority - Asserting the sovereignty of the people and demanding a constitution.

Question 30

# Four Stages of the Revolution Moderate Phase (What changes were made early on?)

Answer 30

the abolition of feudalism, the establishment of the National Constituent Assembly, the creation of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen, and the limitation of the monarchy - Constitutional monarchy formed - Declaration of the rights of man - Abolishment of feudal privileges

Question 31

# Four Stages of the Revolution Radical Phase: Who led it? What extreme events happened?

Answer 31

- Who: Maximilien Robespierre and the Jacobin faction. - War between France and Austria - Storming of Tuileries Palace - The Execution of Louis XVI - Committee of Public Safety - Execution of Marie Antoninette - Law of 22 Prairial - The fall of Maximilien Robespierre - After the Terror

Question 32

# Four Stages of the Revolution Directory Phase (What kind of government was it?)

Answer 32

- A form of government featuring a five-member committee with executive power - Five-man government; corruption and instability

Question 33

# Four Stages of the Revolution Napoleonic Phase (How did Napoleon change the revolution?)

Answer 33

- Ending its revolutionary phase and establishing a new political order - Napoleon seized power (Coup of 18 Brumaire) - Established reforms but ruled as emperor

Question 34

# Scientific Revolution Shift from religious to scientific authority: Who were prominent people of this shift?

Answer 34

Copernicus, Galileo, Newton

Question 35

# Scientific Revolution What advancements Galileo Contribute?

Answer 35

- made tefchnologies: First to use Refraction to make and use the first Teloscope - Made movement in Astronomy - made start to map and better graphic invisioning planets, stars and moons.

Question 36

# Scientific Revolution What advancements Copernicus Contribute?

Answer 36

- Movement in Astronomy - Heliocentrism plants and moons revolved/orbited around the Sun - released public litterature of De Revolutionibus to publish his idea - noticed by scientfic method (by observation of movement)

Question 37

# Scientific Revolution What advancements Newton Contribute?

Answer 37

- Advancements in Physics - Theory of Gravity/ gravitational pull - Advancement of Optics (light bending through a prism to make color) - innovated the teloscope: Reflection teloscope. Made to fix the blurs create clear images by the issues of the nature of white light

Question 38

# French Enlightenment: Philosophy Name 3 (minimum) Philosophers of the enlightenment?

Answer 38

Locke, Rousseau, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Mary Wollstonecraft, Immanuel Kant, D'Holbach, Frances Bacon, etc.

Question 39

# French Enlightenment: Philosophy What philosophy ideology did Voltaire develop?

Answer 39

- Efficientcy in reason - Logic over emotion - social progress could be developed through no authority - Reliogious tolerance (against full atheism)

Question 40

# French Enlightenment: Philosophy What philosophy ideology did Rousseau develop?

Answer 40

- Development of Three points of society that should be checked by eachother to minimalize corruption - Belief of freedom, humanity can only truly be happy if everyone is free - People are the power

Question 41

# French Enlightenment: Philosophy What philosophy ideology did Montesquieu develop?

Answer 41

- Power should be descensitized - All men are equal - Seperations of power

Question 42

# French Enlightenment: Philosophy What philosophy ideology did Locke develop?

Answer 42

- theory of natural rights - governments have obligation to their citizens (People give the governemnt/monarchy power)

Question 43

# Hatitan Revolution: Abolishment of Slavery Who is Toussaint L’Ouverture?

Answer 43

- Prominant leader in Haitian Revolution against french rule - He Focused on the complete abolishment of slavery (different to the majority campaign to treat those who were enslaved more "humane" way) - Establishment of coffee bean plantation (gained trade and economic gain in Haiti)

Question 44

# Haitian Revolution Why is the Haitian Revolution so important?

Answer 44

First sucessful Slave Revolt