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criminology UNIT 2 > unit 2 - AC 2.1 > Flashcards

unit 2 - AC 2.1 Flashcards

(114 cards)

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1
Q

biological theories ?

A

•genetic theories
•physiological theories

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2
Q

genetics theories?

A

• jacobs xyy theory
• twin and adoption studies

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3
Q

physiological theories?

A

• lombroso
• sheldon
• brain abnormality
• neurochemical

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4
Q

what is the XYY Theory?

A

• genetic theory
• The Super Male Syndrome
• chromosomal abnormality within males

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5
Q

what happens when men have the XYY?

A

become more aggressive and violent due to extra testosterone in Y chromosome.

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6
Q

characteristics of an XYY male?

A

• learning disabilities
• abnormally taller
• sever acne in teenage years
• IQ is lower

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7
Q

jacob et al suggesting on xyy male?

A

15/1000 in prisons
1/1000 in normal population

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8
Q

evaluation of jacobs XYY theory.

A

+ scientifically measured
+ levels of aggression linked with testosterone
+ lead to reducing drugs

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9
Q

what are twin studies?

A

support the connection of heritable trait between twins that increase criminal behaviour.

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10
Q

identical twins?

A

• monozygotic
• share 100% of dna
• concordance rate of criminality

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11
Q

non identical twins?

A

•dizygotic
• share 50% of dna

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12
Q

nature vs nurture of twin studies?

A

• genetics and nature plays a role in concordance rate

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13
Q

johannes lange findings?

A

MZ twins showed a much higher concordance rate : 10/13

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14
Q

evaluation of twin studies

A

•tested unequal amount of twins - reduces population validity
•small sample size - lowers validity

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15
Q

what are adoption studies?

A

compares criminals with there biological and adoptive parents

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16
Q

what does nature refer to in adoption studies?

A

the impact of genetics and biological parents on criminality

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17
Q

what does nurture refer to in adoption studies?

A

impact of being brought up by adoptive parents

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18
Q

hutchings and Mednick

A

14,000 adopted children had high proportion of boys with criminal records who’s biological parents had criminal record

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19
Q

Hutchings and Mednick findings

A

• no concordance rate between criminal convictions and adopted parents

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20
Q

evaluation: adoption studies

A

+ provide bigger picture - this is holistic research which increases validity.
+ scientific

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21
Q

physiological theories

A

• lombroso
• sheldon
• brain abnormality
• neurochemical

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22
Q

Lombroso

A

argued criminals where a subspecies of human that carried atavistic features (facial features)

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23
Q

examples of atavistic feature

A

• low sloping forehead
• upturned nose
• large forward jaw

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24
Q

lombroso atavistic experiment

A

examined facial features of
• 383 dead criminals
• 3,839 alive criminals

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25
evaluation: lombroso
- subjective opinion - no scientific evidence - leads to self fulfilling prophecy
26
william sheldon
a persons physical form determines criminality
27
3 types of somatotypes
• Endomorphic • Ectomorphic • Mesomorphic
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Endomorphic
• fat / soft • sociable and relaxed
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Ectomorphic
• thin / fragile • introverted and restrained
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Mesomorphic
• muscular / hard • aggressive and adventurous
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sheldon’s findings
mesomorphic somatotypes where more criminal prone and committed violent act
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Brain abnormality
when damage to the pre frontal cortex or amygdala causes altered behaviour
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criminal behaviour of brain abnormality
• immature (PFC) • loss of self control (PFC) • no empathy (A) • no remorse (A)
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biological factors of brain abnormalities
• birth complication • low resting heart rate • high risk pregnancy
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social risk factors of brain abnormality
• age • gender • employment • neglect
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Raine Et Al’s findings
• used pet scans • impulsive killers had damage to pre frontal cortex • Amydala controls empathy and remorse
37
Phineas Cage
• metal rod through eye in freak accident • damage to brain and behaviour
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Evaluation: brain abnormalities
+ hard objective scientific evidence - still chance of human error
39
neurochemical
low levels of serotonin leads to higher aggression as serotonin regulates signals between neurons which controls moods
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Scerbo and Raine
41
Evaluation: neurochemical
42
Individualistic Theories
• Psychodynamic • Psychological • Social learning theory
43
Social Learning Theory
Bandura • criminality is created by observing role models as they gain pleasure from an activity • aggression is learned from seeing others in environment
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Bobo Doll Experiment
• exposed children to an agressive and none aggressive model • adults kicked and pummelled bobo doll • children imitated behaviour seen
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bobo doll findings
• aggressive - imitated aggressive behaviour • children improvised ways to be aggressive • guns and darts
46
Violence is produced by
• learned skills • success and rewards • pro violence values
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behaviourists belief
all behaviour is learnt through reinforcements
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Positive reinforcement
• negative consequences which encourages good behaviour
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negative reinforcement
50
positives punishment
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negative punishment
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bobo doll follow up study
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Positive Evaluation : bandura Social Learning Theory
• understands media’s influence • leads to practical applications • age ratings
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Negative Evaluation : Bandura Social Learning Theory
• socially sensitive - parents held accountable and blamed • doesn’t consider natures effect- brain abnormality , diet
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Sutherland : Differential Association
criminality is learnt through different experiences and being around certain people
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examples : sutherland
• witness family dealing drugs • seeing others teenagers drinking
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Sutherland : osborn and west
• criminal fathers have 40% of criminal sons • non criminals - 13% had no criminal sons
58
Surherland : evaluation
+ practical applications - parental learning classes - no individual differences - personality
59
Psychodynamic theory
• Sigmund Freud • unconscious mind controls behaviour • understand behaviour through childhood experiences
60
Freud : Tripartite structure
• The Id • The Ego • The superego
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Freud : what is the ID
• controls the selfish and animalistic urges • if unbalanced it wants instant gratification
63
Freud : what is the Ego
• seeks rational and sensible control • if unbalanced it won’t make realistic and practical ideas
64
Freud : what is the Superego
• The Moral Conscience • If unbalanced it won’t tell us right from wrong
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Psychological Theories
• Bowlby - maternal deprivation • Hanse Eysenck - personality
70
Bowlby - Maternal Deprivation definition
the separation in early life which causes permanent emotional damage -> affectionless psychopathy
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Bowlby - Affectionless Psychopathy definition
The lack of : • emotion • empathy • stable relationships
72
Bowlbys research
• Mothers relationship in first 5 years • disruption = delinquency studied 44 juveniles 39% - complete separation
73
Bowlby maternal Deprivation - criticism
- socially sensitive - monotony : doesn’t consider variety of family - deterministic
74
Bowlby maternal deprivation : evaluation
+ practical Application - family lessons
75
Psychological - Hans Eysenck
• certain personalities are more likely to commit crimes • crave excitement
76
The 3 Personalities
• extroversion + introversion • Neiroticism stability • psychotism stability
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Eysenck : Extraversion
• Sociable • Active • risk taking
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Eysenck : Neuroticism
• Emotionally Unstable • Anxious
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Eysenck : Pyschoticisim
• Aggressive • Impersonal
80
Eysenck research
• high personalities = likely to be criminals • Biological basis - harder to condition due to bad socialisation
81
Eysenck : criticism
- biology focused : doesn’t include social factors - deterministic : suggests people are born criminal
82
Eysenck : positive evaluation
+ standardised personality tests + influences modern theories - brian structure & personality
83
Sociological Theories
• functionalism • marxism • labelling • left & right realism
84
Social Structure Theories
• Functionalism • Marxism
85
Social structure : Marxism
• capitalist society=Criminogenic • institutions make you conform
86
marxism : Reasons for crime
• Social Control • Policed Differently • Government statistics
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how does capitalism create crime
• economic inequality • poverty & unemployment
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marxism : Law serves upper class
• Bourgeoisie are protected • their crimes are ignored ( tax evasion , Fraud)
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Social structure Theory : functionalism
•Society is a stable structure based on social solidarity • Crime is positive & inevitable
90
functionalism : how is crime positive
• Maintains boundaries • Social cohesion - bring people together • Social change - new ideas and challenges
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Functionalism : Anomie
• Crime can become dysfunctional • shared norms are weakened
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Social Structure theory : Mertons strain theory
‘ The American Dream’ • Society encourage us to aim for material success • society doesn’t provide means for the success - crime
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Strain Theory : working class
• Denied Material Benefits • opportunities blocked • utilitarian crimes
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Responses to ‘American Dream’
• conform - Accept • Innovate - criminal actions • Ritualistic - give up • Reatreatism - reject goals • Rebel - replace goals
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Strain theory : positive evaluation
97
strain theory : criticisms
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Interactionism : Labelling theory
Howard Becker : society reacts to primal behaviour through labels
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Labelling theory : Deviance
• socially constructed • how others react
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labelling theory : Edwin lembert
• primary deviance - minor acts of rule breaking • secondary deviance - self fulfilling prophecy
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labelling theory : stanley cohen
• media can demonise people • deviancy amplification
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labelling theory : criticism
103
labelling theory : positive evaluation
104
Right realism
• Rational Choice Theory • Zero Tolerance Policy • reject that poverty causes crime
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right realism - what causes crime
•Biological differences • inadequate socialisation • Offending a rational choice
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right realism : The Underclass
• Single parents aren’t good role models • social bonds create crime
107
Right realism : criticisms
108
Right Realism : positive Evaluation
109
Left Realism
• crime occurs due to inequalities within society which are created by capitalism
110
Left Realism : Lea and Young
• practical measures - rehabilitation over harshness • Capitalism encourages consumerism • motivated to commit crimes
111
Left realism : criminals
• marginalised • join gangs and subcultures
112
Left realism : main victims of crime
• ethnic minorities • lower class • women • unemployed
113
left realism : criticism
114
left realism : positive evaluation

criminology UNIT 2 (11 decks)

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