unit 2 - AC 4.1 Flashcards
(112 cards)
1
Q
definition: Biological Theories informing policy development
A
crime control and punishment policies that aim to change brain or body
2
Q
Drug Therapies
(biological)
A
- Abtabuse
- Stilbestrol
- Sedatives/ tranquilliser
3
Q
what is antabuse?
A
• biological theories
• formal crime control policy
• oral tablet to treat alcohol abuse
4
Q
who does antabuse target?
A
• alcoholic / substance abuse
• utilitarian crimes
5
Q
how does antabuse work?
A
if the drug is taken with alcohol it results in becoming violently ill. makes them think before committing crime
6
Q
antabuse - effective
A
• deters drinking and substance abuse
• stops utilitarian crime for substances
7
Q
antabuse - ineffective
A
• doesn’t reduce cravings
• relapse cases are higher afterwards
8
Q
what is stilbestrol?
A
• biological theory
• formal crime control policy
•chemical castration that contains female hormone estrogen
9
Q
who does stilbestrol target?
A
• sex offenders
• child sex offenders
10
Q
how does stilbestrol work?
A
the hormone suppresses testosterone as a way of reducing their sex drive
11
Q
stilbestrol - effectiveness
A
• reduces reoffending of sex offenders
12
Q
stilbestrol - ineffective
A
• effects are reversible if they stop taking the medication
• breach of human rights - may have been forced
13
Q
what are sedatives and tranquillisers?
A
• biological theory
• formal crime control policy
• calming sedative
14
Q
who does sedatives and tranquillisers target?
A
• violent offenders
• mental disorders - schizophrenia
15
Q
how do sedatives and tranquillisers work?
A
• reduces panic and anxiety
• slows down function of organ
• promotes sleep
16
Q
sedatives: tranquillisers - effectiveness
A
• helps control the mood of violence
• reduces violence within prison
• stop reoffending
17
Q
what is methadone?
A
• biological theory
• formal crime control policy
• treatment
18
Q
who does methadone target?
A
• heroin addicts
19
Q
how does methadone work?
A
• treats as a long term alternative for heroin
• addicts are released from prisons / on probation
20
Q
methadone - effectiveness
A
• weans heroin addicts of substance
• reduces utalitarian crimes / reoffending
• isn’t a harmful drug
21
Q
methadone - ineffectiveness
A
• if not strong enough / to strong they could either relapse or overdose
• needs time control
22
Q
examples of Chemical Substances (biological)
A
• Tear Gas
23
Q
what is tear gas?
A
A gas used by police
24
Q
who is tear used on?
A
public order offences:
• rioters
• crowd control
• looters
25
how is tear gas used?
• irritates mucus membrane in eyes, nose and mouth
• causes pain and coughing
• makes people unable to function
26
27
tear gas - effectiveness
• controls and disperses crowd
• allows criminals to be caught
28
tear gas - ineffectiveness
• unethical - cause health concerns
• causes burns
29
Examples of surgery for criminals
(biological)
1. Surgical Castration
2. Lobotomy
30
what is Surgical Castration?
• formal crime control policy
• biological theory
•surgery used to lower sex drive
31
who do Surgical Castration target?
• sex offenders
32
how do Surgical Castration work?
• remove testicles or ovaries
• stops hormones
• lowers sex drives - stops reoffending criminals
33
Surgical Castration - effectiveness
• stop repeat offenders -2%-5%
• lowers sex drive - rape , child offenders
34
Surgical Castration - ineffectiveness
• unethical - usually forced
• may lead to depression
35
what is a lobotomy?
• formal crime control policy
• biological theory
• surgical alteration in the brain
36
who do lobotomies target?
• sex offenders
• violent offenders
37
how do lobotomies work?
• removes frontal lobes / brain tissue
• reduces aggression and impulsivity
• control criminal behaviour
38
Lobotomies - effectiveness
• reduces sexual and aggressive urges
• lead to more humane ways of rehabilitation and therapy
39
lobotomies - ineffectiveness
• unethical - severe side effects:
- personality change
- cognitive impairment
• memory loss
40
examples of diet and nutrition?
1. serotonin
41
what is serotonin used for in prisons?
• formal crime control policy
•nutritious foods - help behaviour
42
who does serotonin target in prison?
• violent offenders
• those from deprived areas - lack healthy and balanced diet
43
how does serotonin work ?
• given nutritious food :
- turkey. - egg - fish - light exposure
• helps depression and impulse control
44
serotonin - effectiveness
• improves behavioural recognition
• reduces violent behaviour in prisons
• reduce substance abuse
45
serotonin - ineffectiveness
• short term
• nutritional foods only available in prison
• lead to utalitarian crimes
46
examples of eugenics in prison
1. compulsory sterilisation
47
what is compulsory sterilisation?
• formal crime control policy
• biological theory
• a way to prevent birth of those labelled inferiori
48
who does compulsory sterilisation
target?
• genetically indifferent
• disabled
49
how does compulsory sterilisation work?
• sterilises reproduction
• stop reproduction of criminals
50
compulsory sterilisation - effectiveness
• removes chances of passing criminal genes
51
compulsory sterilisation - ineffectiveness
• criminal behaviour complex - biological not just genetics
• unethical - lack of consent
52
What is the Death Penalty?
• formal crime control policy
• used for extreme criminals
53
who does the Death Penalty target?
• serial rapists
• murderers
• terrorists
54
Examples of the Death penalty
• execution
• hanging
• lethal injection
• electric chair
• firing squad
55
Death Penalty : effectiveness
• very effective in robbing the criminal
• used in USA , China , Iran
• people fear death and crime
56
Death Penalty : ineffectiveness
• miscarriage of justice
• impulsive criminals still won’t consider the the punishment
57
Definition ; individualistic theories informing policy development
develop treatment programmes to reduce criminal behaviour
58
What is Psychoanalysis?
A development of the mind and therapeutic approach to reducing criminality to understand psychological and emotional reasons for crime
59
Who is targeted by Psychoanalysis?
• sex offenders
• violent / serial offenders
• youth/ adolescent offenders
60
how is Psychoanalyis used on criminals?
• understand unconscious and repressed thoughts ( free association )
• week superego : inadequate early socialisation
61
Psychoanalysis : effectiveness
• understand deep rooted cause :
- childhood trauma
- neglect
• help self awareness and healthier choices
62
Psychoanalysis : Ineffectiveness
• lengthy process - not good for those who can’t commit
• time consuming
• gives power to make something normal or not
63
What is Token economics?
A reward system used in prisons to increase good behaviour
64
who does token economics target?
• violent offenders
• drug offenders
• juvenile
65
how does the Token Economic system reduce criminality?
• used to modify learner criminal behaviour (behaviourism)
• behavioural reinforcements : earn points for good behaviour and follow rules
66
Token Economics : effectiveness
• reduces prison violence
• delayed reward decreases instant gratification
• makes reoffending slower
67
Token Economics : ineffectiveness
• only works within prisons
•. hard to improves deeply ingrained criminal behaviour
68
What are Social Skills training?
• individualistic theory
• improves communication and thinking
• CBT
69
Who do Social Skills Training target?
• Violent offenders - poor impulse control
• repeat offenders
• juvenile offenders
70
How does Social Skills Training reduce criminality?
• controls emotions
• improves social skills
71
Social Skills Training : effectiveness
• builds skills for workplace
• reduces prison violence
72
Social Skills Training : ineffectiveness
• limited funding
• works better with other methods
73
What is the Think Furst Programme?
• individualistic theory
• cognitive repairal programme
74
Who does the Think First Programme target?
• violent
• juvenile
• repeats
75
how does the Think First Programme help criminals?
• changes thinking patterns that lead to crime
• group based discussion
• recognise and problem solve
76
Think First Programme : effectiveness
• low rates of recidivism
77
Think First Programme : ineffectiveness
• changes thinking not behaviour
78
what is Aggression Replacement Training?
• individualistic theory
• better social skills and decision making
79
who does ART target?
• juvenile
• violent
• antisocial
80
how does ART help criminals?
• alternative thinking
• anger control
• become involved in society
81
ART : effectiveness
• more effective in young criminals
82
ART : ineffectiveness
• not guaranteed to reduce crime
• requires full participation
83
what is Aversion Therapy?
• individualistic theory
• psychological treatment that aims to reduce unwanted behaviour
84
who is Aversion Therapy used on?
• drug addiction
• child sex offenders
85
How is Aversion therapy used?
• associates habit / crime with something unpleasant - nausea inducing drugs
• reduces sexual arousal
86
Aversion Therapy : effectiveness
• help quick change with smoking
• straight forward procedure
87
Aversion Therapy : ineffectiveness
• doesn’t cure tried homosexuality
• no healthy coping mechanisms
• inhumane
• doesn’t help cognitive development
88
Sociological Theories influencing policies
• Penal Populism
• imprisonment
• Zero Tolerance
• restorative justice
• CCTV
• Multi Agency Approach
89
What is Penal Populism
( Right Realism )
Government Policies which get tough on crime
• longer prison sentences
90
Who does penal populism target?
• All criminals
• Low to high
• first time offenders - stop reoffending
91
penal populism - effectiveness
• helped reoffending
• helps younger offenders
92
penal populism : ineffectiveness
• no rehab - continue reoffending
• costly - £42,000 per prisoner
• prison staff overworked
93
What does Imprisonment include
• incapacitation : removes from society
• deterrence : avoid crime from fear
• rehab : learn skills stop reoffending
94
who does imprisonment target?
considered a threat to society
• murder
• assault
• rape
• white collar
• low levels
95
Imprisonment : effectiveness
+ temporary drops in crime rates
+ easier to try and help criminals
96
imprisonment : ineffectiveness
- crime may rise after release
- learn new techniques for crime
- labelling & stigma
97
what is the zero tolerance policy
( right realism )
• strict approach
•discipline used in institutions
• harsh consistent penalties
98
who does the zero tolerance policy target?
• low level offender
• youths
• drug possession
99
zero tolerance policy : effectiveness
• short term : deters crime
100
zero tolerance policy : ineffectiveness
• over crowded prisons
• unfair sentencing
101
What is the Restorative justice policy?
• focus on repairing harm cause
- accountability
- reconciliation
• victim meets offenders
• alternative to imprisonment
102
who does the restorative justice system target?
•white collar
• first time offenders
• antisocial crime
103
restorative justice : effectiveness
• low recidivism rates
• restores relationship
• cheaper than prison
104
Restorative justice : ineffectiveness
• has to be voluntary
• may cause harm to victims
• isn’t consistent in deterring crime
105
what is CCTV
• used to deter crime in environments
• causes fear of being caught
• automatic alerts
106
who does CCTV target?
• public offenders
• property offenders
• Vandals
• Traffic Violaters
107
CCTV : effectiveness
• small reduction
• reduces shoplifting
108
CCTV : ineffectiveness
• doesn’t stop violent crimes
• depends on location and lighting
• only helped 10% in city centres
109
110
Multi Agency Approach
( left Realism )
• helps target complex criminal behaviour
• understand factors
- mental health
- poverty
• collab of agencies
111
who does the Mutli Agency Approach target?
• mentally ill
• bipolar
• substance abuse
• domestic violence
• those at risk - poverty
112
Multie Agency Approach : effectiveness
• Holistic Approach
• Early intervention - help those at risk
• safeguarding
