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Medical And Microbiology > Unit 2 B > Flashcards

Unit 2 B Flashcards

1
Q

Catabolism

A

breakdown of larger molecules

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2
Q

Anabolism

A

synthesis of larger molecules

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3
Q

In what three ways can chemical reactions be sped up? Why are two of the three not really feasible for living cells?

A

Increasing thermal energy (increases velocity of molecules) problem is that this will kill the living cell.

Increasing the concentration of reactants (increase rate of molecular collisions) we can’t do this enough to make it really feasible.

Adding a catalyst (this works in living systems)- speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction without becoming part of the products or being consumed in the reaction.

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4
Q

Briefly describe how enzymes act on substrates to create products.

A

Bind to substates (lock-and-key) (fits the active site) and convert them to products

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5
Q

Simple enzyme

A

consists of protein alone

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6
Q

Conjugated enzymes (hooenzyme)

A

contain protein & some other nonprotein molecule

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7
Q

Apoenzyme

A

protein portion of the enzyme

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8
Q

Cofactor

A

nonprotein portion; organic or inorganic

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9
Q

Coenzyme

A

organic cofactors

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10
Q

Active site

A

actual site where the substate binds

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11
Q

Know the six classes of enzymes.

A
  1. Oxidoreductase
  2. Transferases
  3. Hydrolases
  4. Lyases
  5. Isomerases
  6. Ligases
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12
Q

Oxidoreductase

A

moves an electron

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13
Q

Transferases

A

moves something larger than an electron

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14
Q

Hydrolases

A

breaks by water

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15
Q

Lyases

A

Moves a group from a compound and combines

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16
Q

Isomerases

A

Rotate moves two things around within the same compound

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17
Q

Ligases

A

Bound together

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18
Q

Know the common name & systematic name from 1 enzyme listed in Table 8-2 on slide 12.

A

Common name – Lactase

Systemic name - þ-D-galactosidase

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19
Q

Oxidation

A

Loss of electrons

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20
Q

Reduction

A

Gain of electrons

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21
Q

Why are these reactions (oxidation and reduction) always linked?

A

Redox- they are linked because when an electron is removed from one molecule it is added to another molecule.

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22
Q

Exoenzyme

A

transported extracellularly, breaks down large food molecules or harmful chemicals

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23
Q

Endoenzyme

A

retained intracellularly & function there. Most enzymes of metabolic pathways.

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24
Q

Virulence factor or toxins

A

pathogens secrete unique exoenzymes that help them avoid host defenses or promots multiplication in tissues this contributes to disease.

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25
Q

Streptokinase

A

digests blood clots to help wound invasion.

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26
Q

Streptolysin

A

Lyses red blood cells, giving access to needed iron.

27
Q

Penicillinase

A

destroys penicillin, protecting bacteria from the antibiotic.

28
Q

If an enzyme can be denatured by heat, it is considered

A

Labile

29
Q

Why are the control of enzyme activation states so important to the metabolism of all living things?

A

Maximizing nutrient and energy use.

30
Q

Competitive inhibition

A

a molecule that resembles the substrate occupies the active site, preventing the real substrate from binding. The enzyme cannot act on the inhibitor & is effectively shut down.

31
Q

Noncompetitive inhibition

A

some enzymes have two binding sites the active site & the regulatory site. Regulated by the binding of molecules other than the substrate to the regulatory site. Often, the regulatory molecule is the product of the enzymatic reaction. Provides negative feedback that slows enzyme activity once a certain concentration of product is reached.

32
Q

Repression

A

stops further synthesis of an enzyme somewhere along its pathway.

33
Q

Induction

A

enzymes appear (are induced) only when suitable substrates are present.

34
Q

Phototrophs

A

energy from light; electrons from water bonds

35
Q

Chemotrophs

A

energy from food; electrons from bonds in food

36
Q

Exergonic

A

release energy as the go forward

37
Q

Endergonic

A

require the addition of energy to move forward

38
Q

Critical thinking: Is catabolism a series of exergonic or endergonic reactions? How do you know?

A

Catabolism is a series of exergonic reactions, it breaks down molecules releasing energy.

39
Q

What role do the oxidoreductases NAD & FAD play in cells?

A

Carries electrons and hydrogen atoms from an oxidation reaction to a reduction reaction.

40
Q

Aerobic

A

Oxygen is the final electron acceptor

41
Q

Anaerobic

A

inorganic compound that isn’t oxygen is the final electron acceptor

42
Q

Fermentation

A

organic compound is the final electron acceptor

43
Q

Be able to identify the substructure of ATP (for example, be able to circle “ribose” in the structure of ATP).

A

Adenine: nitrogen base. Flag shaped

Ribose: 5-carbon sugar. Pentagon molecule

Phosphate group: 3 groups bonded to the ribose. Circle molecule

44
Q

Which bond is broken to release energy from ATP, creating ADP? Which bond is broken to release energy from ADP, creating AMP?

A

ATP to ADP bond is broken between the second and third phosphate groups.

ADP to AMP bond is broken between the first and second phosphate groups.

45
Q

Glycolysis inputs

A

1 glucose (6C) and 2 ATP

46
Q

Glycolysis outputs per glucose

A

2 pyruvic acid (3C), 4 ATP, and 2 NADH carriers.

47
Q

Inputs per glucose acetyl CoA generation

A

2 pyruvic acid (3C)

48
Q

Outputs per glucose acetyl CoA generation

A

2 acetyl CoA (2C), 2 NADH carriers, 2 CO2

49
Q

Krebs cycle inputs per glucose

A

2 acetyl CoA (2C)

50
Q

Krebs cycle outputs per glucose

A

6 NADH carriers, 2 FADH2 carriers, 2 GTP (energy storage), 4 CO2

51
Q

What is the result of electrons going through the electron transport chain?

A

The electrons that go through the electron transport chain make ATP (which is our energy molecule).

52
Q

Critical thinking: Which carrier will lead to the production of more ATP from the electron transport chain, FADH2 or NADH? Why do you think so?

A

NADH electrons creates more ATP then FADH2, because it goes through more steps in the electron transport chain.

53
Q

What function does ATP synthase perform?

A

ATP synthase acts as a channel using the proton gradient to create ATP.

54
Q

Critical thinking: If you were to reverse the hydrogen/proton gradient across the membrane (put more hydrogen inside the cell than outside), how would this change the function of ATP synthase?

A

It would decrease the function of ATP synthase.

55
Q

What role does fermentation play in allowing organisms to obtain energy from glycolysis?

A

It allows organisms to create energy in the absence of oxygen. Yields only a small amount of ATP. Uses an organic compound as the terminal electron acceptor.

56
Q

Why can fats be used to create so much more energy than glucose in aerobic respirators?

A

Fats are very energy rich, just cutting off the last part it is acetyl CoA. (enters into the Krebs cycle)

57
Q

Alcoholic fermentation

A

converts pyruvic acid to ethanol. (occurs in yeast and some bacterial species)

58
Q

Acidic fermentation
Homolactic fermentation

A

lactic acid bacteria (and us) reduce pyruvate to lactic acid only.

59
Q

Acidic fermentation
Heterolactic fermentation

A

glucose is fermented to a mixture of lactic acid, acetic acid, & carbon dioxide.

60
Q

Mixed acid fermentation

A

converts pyruvic acid to several acids simultaneously (Acetic, lactic, succinic, formic acids and CO2. (causes farts).

61
Q

From slides 38-39, be able to list the pathways used in the three main types of metabolism & the amount of ATP generated from 1 glucose molecule for each.

A

Glycolysis generated 2 ATP (then 6 though the ETC by 2 NADH)

Krebs cycle generated (18 through the 6 NADH, 4 through the 2 FADH2)

All together we created about 38 in the electron transport chain

62
Q

Once a cell has broken down molecules & captured the energy in ATP, what can it do with the breakdown products?

A

It can now be used for anabolism and make products to store for energy and used for catabolism processes.

63
Q

Define amphibolism

A

Products can be used in anabolic. Catabolic & anabolic pathways are integrated to improve cell efficiency. A given molecule can serve multiple purposes.

64
Q

Critical thinking: Can a fermenting organism still create the nucleotides, amino acids, carbohydrates, & fatty acids they need from their metabolism? Where do their needed intermediates come from?

A

Yes fermenting organisms can create carbohydrates from glycolysis, they can create amino acids and nucleotides from carbohydrates.

Medical And Microbiology (16 decks)

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