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AP Psych > Unit 2: Biological Bases of Behavior > Flashcards

Unit 2: Biological Bases of Behavior Flashcards

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1
Q

Neuropsychologists

A

conduct evaluations to characterize behavioral and cognitive changes resulting from CNS disease or injury

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2
Q

Lesions

A

areas of damaged brain tissue

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3
Q

CAT Scans

A

(X-ray) images taken at different angles around your body and creates image slices of bones, blood vessels and soft tissues. Quickly examines people who may have internal injuries from car accidents or etc.

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4
Q

MRIs

A

(radio waves) sends a pulse distorting MRI’s magnetic field and atoms in body. As atoms return to normal, image slices of brain produced.

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5
Q

EEG

A

Electrodes placed on head. Detects neuron’s electric activity and maps brain waves (specifically where electrode is).

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6
Q

PET Scans

A

trace amount of radioactive glucose injected. Detects “hot spots” (neural activity). Shows brain in action

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7
Q

fMRI

A

(process similar to MRI) as atoms return, they are measured as well as oxygen from blood flow. Detailed brain slices (MRI) and hot spots (PET scan).

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8
Q

Central Nervous System (CNS)

A

(Brain and Spinal Cord)
-Brain communicates and coordinates actions btwn all body parts. Forms thought, emotion, and behavior.
-Spine transmits info from brain -> muscles -> glands

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9
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

(Contains Somatic and Autonomic NS) A bundle of nerves outside CNS. It carries out CNS’ orders.

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10
Q

Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

A

-Inside the Peripheral NS and contains Sympathetic and Parasympathetic NS
-Involuntary Actions like breathing, heart rate, etc.

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11
Q

Sympathetic Nervous System

A

-Inside Autonomic NS
-response in dire situations like car accidents or a fire

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12
Q

Parasympathetic Nervous System

A

-Inside Autonomic NS
-calms down and relaxes body after a stressful situation
-EX) after a car accident is over-> Parasympathetic NS causes body to feel pain

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13
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

-Works with Sensory Nerves
-Voluntary movement

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14
Q

Brain (development model)

A

-Hindbrain: medulla, pons, cerebellum
-Midbrain: small region with parts involved in eye reflexes and movements
-Forebrain: the limbic system, hypothalamus, thalamus, cerebral cortex

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15
Q

Convolutions

A

Folds and wrinkles of the cortex of the brain. Creates more surface area -> more space for neurons and information to be stored

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16
Q

Contralaterality

A

Control of one side of your body by the other side of your brain (left side of brain controls right side of body and vice versa)

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17
Q

Aphasia

A

Inability to produce speech and select words

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18
Q

Glial Cells

A

Protects and provides nutrition to neurons

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19
Q

Neuron

A

Our body’s nerve cells which make up the nervous system

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20
Q

Soma (Cell Body)

A

Contains the neuron’s nucleus

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21
Q

Dendrites

A

Receives chemical info from neurons

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22
Q

Axon

A

Fiber bundles carrying info away from Soma

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23
Q

Myelin Sheath

A

-Layer of electrical insulation covering the axon
-Increases the speed that info travels on the neuron

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24
Q

Terminal Buttons (Axon Terminal)

A

Stores neurotransmitters

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25
Neurotransmitters
-Chemical Signal -Carries information from one neuron to another when the gap is to long to send electric signals
26
Acetylcholine (ACH)
(Type of Neurotransmitter) -Enables muscle action -not enough -> Alzheimer
27
Dopamine
(Type of Neurotransmitter) -Influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion -too much -> Schizophrenia -not enough -> Tremors and Parkinson
28
Glutamate
(Type of Excitatory Neurotransmitter) -Vital role in memory -too much -> Migraines and Seizures
29
GABA
(Type of Inhibitory Neurotransmitter) -GABA: Get A Break Adjustment -slows and stops chemical reactions in CNS -not enough -> seizures, tremors, and insomnia
30
Serotonin
(Type of Neurotransmitter) -Affects hunger, mood arousal, and sleep -not enough -> depression
31
Endorphine
(Type of Neurotransmitter) -Pain control and pleasure during great bodily stress -Associated with OCD
32
Medulla Oblongata
(In Brain Stem) -Autonomic functions like breathing, blood pressure, and reflexes
33
Pons
(In Brain Stem) -Pathway for motor and sensory info between body and brain
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Cerebellum
(In Brain Stem) -Helps with tracking of moving objects and coordination and balance
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Basal Ganglia
(In Forebrain) -Important for smooth muscle movement and actions
36
Thalamus
(In Brain Stem) -sensory and motor relay -send signals to forebrain to be interpreted
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Hypothalamus
(Below Thalamus) -Works with Pituitary Gland to maintain Homeostasis
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Amygdala
Influences emotional reactions (fear and aggression)
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Hippocampus
(Part of Limbic System) -Vital to formation of new memories
40
Cerebral Cortex
(thin outer layer of brain) -main control center and information processing center
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Association Areas
-Sections of the cerebral cortex connected to the function of a primary part of the cerebral cortex -Areas responsible for thought, memory, and learning
42
Occipital Lobes
Responsible for sight
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Parietal Lobes
-Plays a major part in touch, pressure and temperature
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Frontal Lobes
-Necessary for motor control, speech, decision making, and judgments -Broca's Area: speech center
45
Temporal Lobes
-Hearing (contralaterality) -Wernicke's Area: development of language (interprets auditory code)
46
Action Potential (Firing Threshold)
Neuron fires impulse because there is a positive sweep (K+ rush in, Na- rush out) down the axon
47
All-or-None Principle
Once the electrical impulse reaches intensity level, all energy will fire
48
Nodes of Ranvier
Small spaces or gaps in the Myelin Sheath
49
Saltatory Conduction
Myelin Sheath is too fatty to perpetuate the action potential signal, so the signal jumps over it, speeding up transmission
50
Synapse
Where two neurons meet and neurotransmitters are released into it
51
Excitatory Neurotransmitter
Stimulates firing (sends message)
52
Inhibitory Neurotransmitter
Slows firing (slows or sends messages)
53
Reflex
Any response you have to a stimulus you are born with
54
Effector
Muscle/gland cell that responds to stimuli
55
Efferent Neurons
Carry info from the the brain to muscles and organs throughout the body
56
Interneuron
(In CNS) -Receive input from motor neurons and transmits its output to sensory neurons
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Afferent Neuron
Carry info from the body to CNS
58
Sensory Receptors
Respond to changes in environment by converting energy into action potential
59
Endocrine System
-Allows for communication -Glands talk to glands
60
Hormone
Chemical compounds secreted by the endocrine glands that transmit info throughout the body
61
Pineal Gland
(In Brain) -produces melatonin
62
Pituitary Gland
(In Brain) -regulates other glands
63
Thyroid Gland
(In Neck) -regulates metabolism
64
Parathyroids
(Behind Thyroid) -control calcium amount in blood and bones
65
Adrenal Glands
(In Stomach) -produces adrenaline
66
Pancreas
(In Stomach) -produces insuline -gets energy from food
67
Ovaries
(In Private Parts) -produces estrogen and progesterone
68
Tetstes
(In Private Parts) -produces testosterone
69
Evolutionary Psychologists
Focus on the principles of natural selection to explain our behavior and the mind
70
Behavioral Geneticists
Study power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior
71
Down Syndrome
-Genetic disorder -3rd copy of chromosome 21
71
Klinefelter's Syndrome
-Genetic disorder affecting males -Born with 1 or greater x-chromosome causing unusual physical traits
71
Tay-Sachs Syndrome
-Genetic disease -Slowly destroys nerve cells in brain and spinal cord
71
Turner Syndrome
-chromosomal disorder in X-Chromosome (females) -short webbed neck, low-set ears, swollen hands and feet
71
Identical Twins
-Develop from a single fertilized egg that splits in two and creates two genetic replicas -Cannot be a different sex
71
Zygote
When a female (human) egg is fertilized
71
Fraternal Twins
-Develop from separate eggs and separate sperm cells, but during the same fertilization period -Can be different sex
72
Phenylketonuria (PKU)
-Mutation in liver enzyme that metabolizes phenylalanine into the amino acid tyrosine -Leads to seizures
73
Huntington's Disease
-Genetic disease -Consists of abnormal movements, dementia, and psychological problems
74
Attention
Processing through cognition of a select portion of the massive amount of information incoming from the senses and contained in memory
75
Preconscious
-Area that lies between conscious awareness and the unconscious -Thoughts stay temporarily, not permanently
76
Unconscious
-Deepest level of consciousness -Pool of unwanted or unacceptable ideas, wishes or desires, memories, and emotions
77
Nonconscious
-Any mental process that goes on in which the individual is unaware -Two components: preconscious and unconscious
78
Deal Processing
-Processing information with respect to its meaning
79
Hypothalamus (biological clock)
-helps control circadian rhythm -Responds to light and dark stimuli
80
Circadian Rhythm
24 hour cycle/regular schedule that body temperature fluctuates on
81
Reticular Formation
-Attention and Arousal -Sleep Cycle (waking up)
82
NREM 1
-Light sleep (nap) -Alpha waves (slow inactivity)
83
NREM 2
-Transition Stage -Harder to wake up -Theta Waves (slower inactivity)
84
NREM 3
-Body Sleep (everything slowed) -Delta Waves: very, very slow activity and sense response
85
REM
-VERY internally active -Dreams/Nightmares
86
Insomnia
-Inability to fall asleep, stay asleep, or both -Causes: stress, bad sleep schedule
87
Sleep Apnea
-Not breathing or lack of breathing continuously throughout the night -Three Types: Obstructive: obstruction in air way Central (CNS): brain triggers stopping breathing Complex: Both types
88
Night terrors
-Do not occur in REM -Wake up with increased heart and respiratory rate
89
Manifest Content
The storyline we remeber
90
Latent Content
Hidden meaning/symbol in dream
91
Activation-Synthesis Theory
The activation of our brain leads to the synthesis of new memories
92
Cognitive Information Processing Theory
Sleep helps us restore and rebuild our memories of the day
93
Meditation
Spiritual practice/alternative medicine that provides physical relaxation and mental clarity
94
Depressants
Reduce (slow) neural activity
95
Narcotics
-Depressant effect and pain relief -Endorphin Agonist
96
Stimulants
Excite (speed up) neural activity
97
Hallucinogens
Distort perception and evoke hallucinations
98
Psychological Dependence
Emotional need for drug or substance that has no underlying physical need
99
Withdrawal Symptoms
Physical symptoms associated with the decrease or discontinuation of addictive or psychoactive substances
100
Darwin
Evolutionary Theory
101
Broca
Discovered Broca's area which controls language expression
102
Wernicke
Discovered Wernicke's Area which is involved in language understanding
103
Sperry
-Studied split brain patients -Showed left/right hemispheres have different functions
104
Gazzaniga
-Neuroscience -Split-brain research -Advances in understanding how the cerebral hemispheres communicate
105
James
-Functionalist Perspective -Theory of Emotion: emotions result from arousing stimulus causing physiological reaction
106
Frued
-Father of Psychoanalysis -Psychological Theory: dreams are road to unconscious mind

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