Unit 2 - Biological Bases Of Behavior

Question 1

Nervous System VS Endocrine System

Answer 1

The Nervous system is made up of a system of neurotransmitters and neurons
- faster, but short-lived

• The endocrine system is made up of a system of glands and hormones
  - slower, but long lasting

Question 2

What structure in the brain connects the nervous system and the endocrine system

Answer 2

Hypothalamus

Question 3

What two systems make up the nervous system

Answer 3

• The Central Nervous System and the Peripheral Nervous System

Question 4

Central Nervous System

Answer 4

• made up of the brain and spinal cord

Brain is the neural center of the body (control center)

Spinal cord is the body’s main transmitter of nerves (highway)

Question 5

The fast acting, electrochemical communication network that uses neurons and nerve cells to coordinate the activities of the organism

Answer 5

The Nervous System

Question 6

What system regulates the biological processes in the body, is made up of glands and organs that make hormones and release them into the blood

Answer 6

Endocrine system

Question 7

The passing on of different mental or physical traits from one generation to another is called..

Answer 7

Heredity

Question 8

Who was Charles Darwin? Why was he important

Answer 8

• He was not a psychologist
• made a lot of contributions in the area of heredity and environment
• founded theory of evolution

Question 9

Theory that states that environment, behavior, and the individual can influence and impact eachother

Answer 9

Reciprocal Determinism

Question 10

The study of how the environment and a persons behavior affect their genes and how they work is called

Answer 10

Epigenetics

Question 11

Epigenetics Vs Plasticity

Answer 11

Epigenetics : genes are turned “on or off”. Changes are slow, and important for the benefit of the species

Plasticity : brain structure changes. Changes are fast, and important for the individual (learning,therapy)

Question 12

When the brain changes or builds new neural pathways to a persons experience it is called

Answer 12

Plasticity

Question 13

This brain structure controls the pituitary gland, and the autonomic functions in the body

Answer 13

Hypothalamus

Question 14

This gland is helps to regulate and communicates with all other glands. It is also under the command of the hypothalamus

Answer 14

Pituitary gland

Question 15

In the endocrine system, these send and receive hormonal messengers from all over the body

Answer 15

Glands

Question 16

This gland controls the production of the hormone melatonin and helps regulate sleep cycles

Answer 16

Pineal Gland

Question 17

When signaled by the pituitary gland, this gland produces a ___ hormone which affects metabolism

Answer 17

Thyroid gland
- thyroid hormone

Question 18

The ___ gland is contained in a small area of the thyroid gland and produces the ___ hormone which helps regulate the level of calcium in the blood

Answer 18

Parathyroid gland
-parathyroid hormone

Question 19

The pair of glands above the kidneys that help trigger the flight or fight response. The important hormones produced are _____

Answer 19

Adrenal Glands
-epinephrine (Adrenaline) and norepinephrine

Question 20

This is the largest gland. Here, insulin and glucagon are produced which together help to regulate the level of sugar in the blood

Answer 20

The Pancreas

Question 21

The __ are the main reproductive organs, testes, or ovaries. They produce sex hormones

Answer 21

The Gonads

Question 22

the _____ produces the male sex hormone (testosterone) and the ____ produces female sex hormones

Answer 22

-Testes/Testis

-Ovary

Question 23

The regulation of the body’s internal environment (like temp) is called

Answer 23

Homeostasis

Question 24

The system that is made up of the nerves OUTSIDE of the brain and spinal cord. They are taking information from the brain and sending it to the rest of the body and picking up info from those parts and sending it to the brain

Answer 24

Peripheral Nervous System

Question 25

Sensory/Afferent Nuerons

Answer 25

carries incoming messages/info from the sense receptors TO the Central Nervous System (brain or spinal cord) - remember these neurons are GOING TO the CNS Memory Hack : Afferent = APPROACH

Question 26

Motor/Efferent Nuerons

Answer 26

carries information FROM the central nervous system to peripheral nervous system (glands) and muscles - remember these neurons are COMING FROM the CNS Memory Hack : Efferent = EXIT

Question 27

The receptor cells in sense organs - such as eyes, ears, nose - that are sensitive to stimuli are called what?

Answer 27

Sensory Receptors

Question 28

The Peripheral Nervous system can be broken up into... (and what they each are responsible for)

Answer 28

The Autonomic Nervous System which controls INVOLUNTARY (automatic) functions like breathing and digestion The Somatic Nervous System which controls the VOLUNTARY movements like walking

Question 29

The Autonomic Nervous System has two divisions that work together during an emergency or stressful situation (explain both)

Answer 29

The Sympathetic Nervous System which takes action by physically arousing the body preparing it to act/react in a stressful situation (Fight or Flight Mode) The Parasympathetic Nervous System which calms the body, conserving energy, overall returning body back to homeostasis (Rest and Digest Mode)

Question 30

This nervous system is most responsible for dilating pupils, increased heart rate, and reduced intestinal activities during a stressful situation

Answer 30

Autonomic >>> Sympathetic Nervous System

Question 31

These cells provide nutrients for neurons and protect them with structural support. These cells do NOT process information.

Answer 31

Gilal Cells

Question 32

One type of gilal cell is _____ which forms the myelin sheath of the nueron

Answer 32

Schwann Cells

Question 33

The basic functional unit of the nervous system. Send and receive nerve impulses and chemical signals

Answer 33

Neurons / Nerve Cells

Question 34

Name of the the neuron's cell body which contains the nucleus

Answer 34

Soma / Cell Body

Question 35

Part of the nueron that extends outward from the Soma and receives incoming messages from adjacent nuerons

Answer 35

Dendrites

Question 36

The longest part of the neuron which the electrical message travels down the length of is called :

Answer 36

Axon

Question 37

The end point of a neuron that releases neurotransmitters into the synapse, hence sending the message on to the next nueron is called :

Answer 37

Axon Terminal

Question 38

The fatty tissue that insulates the axon, speeding up the transmission of the message is called

Answer 38

Myelin Sheath

Question 39

The open space between the sending neuron and receiving neuron at which neurotransmitters cross

Answer 39

Synapse

Question 40

Space between the myelin sheath where the axon is exposed which helps promote the continuing action potential

Answer 40

Node of Ranvier

Question 41

Type of neuron that responds to and mirrors the action that we observe in others

Answer 41

Mirror Neurons

Question 42

Chemical substance that crosses the synapse to carry on the message

Answer 42

Neurotransmitter

Question 43

___ is the message being sent by the neuron through an electrical impulse traveling down the axon. it is what causes the neuron to fire

Answer 43

Action Potential

Question 44

The ability for certain ions to cross the membrane is called

Answer 44

Permeability

Question 45

When the neuron is NOT firing and it is at a state where there are more positive ions (sodium/NA) on the outside of the neuron and more negative ions (Potassium/K) on the inside it is called :

Answer 45

Resting Potential

Question 46

When neuron is in the resting potential they are ___, meaning the opposites (positive and negative ions) are away from eachother

Answer 46

Polarized

Question 47

The _______ principle refers to how when the nucleus decides to fire, it fires down the axon complete (all the way) or not at all

Answer 47

All or nothing principle

Question 48

When the message begins, this process is when the Sodium (+Na) ions come in and neutralize the section of the axon.

Answer 48

Depolarization In other words : the "opposites" (+/-) are no longer away from each other

Question 49

The process of moving the positive ions outside of the membrane after depolarization in order for a cell to return to its resting state

Answer 49

Repolarization

Question 50

The period of time after firing that the neuron is focused on resetting, and therefore the cell cannot fire again bust must wait to achieve its intensity

Answer 50

Refractory Period

Question 51

The two types of synapses : 1 . For messages that need to be send quickly and immediately, they are connected and have no space between the neurons 2. take longer to process, junctions between two neurons that use neurotransmitters to send neural signals

Answer 51

1. Electrical Synapses 2. Chemical Synapses

Question 52

When excess neurotransmitters left in the synapse are recollected

Answer 52

Re-uptake

Question 53

Postsynaptic terminal/neuron and Presynaptic terminal/nueron

Answer 53

Post-Synaptic terminal is the RECEIVING neuron Pre-Synaptic terminal is the axon terminal of the SENDING neuron

Question 54

This neurotransmitter enables muscle action (spinal and skeletal movements), learning, and memory. If our bodies don't make enough, it can lead to Alzheimer disease

Answer 54

Acetylcholine (ah see ta cow lean)

Question 55

This neurotransmitter influences movement, learning, attention, and emotion. It is similar in nature to cocaine, as it involves rewarding sensations

Answer 55

Dopamine

Question 56

Schizophrenia is due to an oversupply of what neurotransmitter?

Answer 56

Dopamine

Question 57

Parkinsons disease, tremors, and decreases mobility to due to an undersupply of what neurotransmitter?

Answer 57

Dopamine

Question 58

This neurotransmitter impacts hunger, mood, and sleep. The body's "feel good"chemical.

Answer 58

Serotonin

Question 59

An under supply of this neurotransmitter leads to depression and Antidepressant drugs increase levels of this

Answer 59

Serotonin

Question 60

This neurotransmitter is linked to pain control and pleasure during great bodily stress, such as an accident.

Answer 60

Endorphins

Question 61

1. If you're lacking in endorphins then you'll have a ___ pain threshold 2. If you have an excess, you'll have a ____ threshold

Answer 61

1. Lower pain threshold 2. Higher pain threshold

Question 62

These two neurotransmitters/hormones are similar to the chemical substance adrenaline and they work together on the body's flight or fight response

Answer 62

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine (eh pen eff errr en) (nor eh pen eff err en)

Question 63

This neurotransmitter is involved in excitatory messages and helps with long term memory. It is the most used neurotransmitter between neurons

Answer 63

Glutamate

Question 64

An oversupply of this neurotransmitter can overstimulate the brain leading to seizures, migranes, and insomnia

Answer 64

Glutamate

Question 65

Major inhibitory neurotransmitter that slows down the nervous system. An undersupply of this leads to tremors, seizures, and insomnia

Answer 65

GABA

Question 66

Fill in Blanks : The ______ system sends a chemical signal through _____. The nueron sends these ______ through the _______ gap/cleft which is the narrow space between the pre-synaptic terminal and the _________ terminal.

Answer 66

1. Nervous System 2. neurotransmitters 3. neurotransmitters 4. synaptic gap/cleft 5. post-synaptic

Question 67

1. _____ neurotransmitters make the post synaptic cell more likely to fire. (eg. glutamate) 2. _____ neurotransmitters make them less likely to fire (eg. GABA) Whether a neurotransmitter is excitatory or inhibitory depends on the receptor it binds to

Answer 67

1. Excitatory 2. Inhibitory

Question 68

_____ MIMIC neurotransmitter activity while _____ BLOCKS neurotransmitter activity -both interact w/ neurotransmitters at the receptor sites of neurons

Answer 68

Agonist , Antagonist

Question 69

_____ block the neurotransmitters left in the synaptic cleft from being reabsorbed, causing there being more of it at the synapse the next time the neuron fires

Answer 69

Reuptake Inhibitor

Question 70

The ____________ moves sodium (Na) and potassium (K) ions against large concentration gradients. It moves 2 potassium ions into the cell where potassium levels are high, and pumps 3 sodium ions out of the cell and into the extra cellular fluid

Answer 70

- Sodium Potassium Pump

Question 71

Examples of Agonist drugs : _____ and ____ ; mimic the effects of endorphins

Answer 71

morphine and opiates

Question 72

Examples of Antagonist drugs ____; blocks acetycholine to stop muscle contractions and wrinkles ____ ; blocks release of glutamate

Answer 72

Botox Alchohol

Question 73

Who is Paul Broca? Why is he important

Answer 73

Identified an area in the left hemisphere of our brains of the frontal lobe which is now known as Broca's area

Question 74

Area in the left frontal lobe and associated with the ability to speak. Discovered by Paul Broca

Answer 74

Broca's area

Question 75

The inability to speak after damage to Broca's area is known as

Answer 75

Broca's aphasia

Question 76

Area in the left frontal lobe that is associated with understanding and creating language. Discovered by Carl Wernicke

Answer 76

Wernicke's area

Question 77

The inability to understand sounds or create meaningful speech after damage to Wernicke's area is called

Answer 77

Wernicke's aphasia

Question 78

Three regions of the brain

Answer 78

Hindbrain (the bottom), Midbrain (not visible), Forebrain (top)

Question 79

part of the brainstem that regulates important autonomic functions like heartbeat, breathing, and blood pressure

Answer 79

Medulla Oblongata

Question 80

part of the brainstem that sits ontop of the medulla that regulates sleep cycles, controls voluntary movements, and connects the medulla with the cerebellum

Answer 80

Pons

Question 81

This brain structure is known as the "little brain". manages coordination, posture and balance.

Answer 81

Cerebellum

Question 82

If this brain structure was damaged, one would have very unbalanced and clumsy movements

Answer 82

Cerebellum

Question 83

Damage to this brain part would be automatic death, because it includes many brain structures that have alot to do with autonomic activities, helping us live

Answer 83

Brain stem

Question 84

This brain structure is responsible for our consciousness and attentiveness. It helps us stay awake and alert ; it is activated in a learning setting because we need to pay attention to important things and ignore distractions

Answer 84

Reticular Formation/ Reticular Activating Systm

Question 85

Brain structure that relays all sensory information to the brains cerebral cortex to be interpreted

Answer 85

Thalamus

Question 86

Brain structure which main function is to keep body in homeostasis. it controls things like body temp, hunger/thirst, sleep patterns and emotions. It works closely with pituitary gland with managing hormone s

Answer 86

Hypothalamus

Question 87

_____ and the hypothalamus work together as a team. It gets instructions from the hypothalamus to release hormones at the right time

Answer 87

Pituitary gland

Question 88

This brain structure recognizes and responds to potential threats and danger. It processes and regulates emotions especially fear and aggression

Answer 88

Amygdala

Question 89

The ______ helps the two hemispheres communicate/share information

Answer 89

Corpus Callosum