Unit 2: Canada Flashcards
(115 cards)
1
Q
What are contending loyalties?
A
When loyalties compete against each other, creating a conflict
- This situation requires reconciliation to resolve the competing loyalties.
2
Q
What is an example of Nationalist Loyalty?
A
Celebrating Canada Day by marching in a parade
This reflects pride and commitment to one’s nation.
3
Q
What is national identity?
A
A collective or group identity based on linguistic, ethnic, religious, geographic, spiritual, or political understandings of nation.
4
Q
What is meant by ‘reconciling loyalties’?
A
The goal of resolving conflicting loyalties as best as possible
5
Q
What was established by the Constitution Act of 1791?
A
British North America was split into Upper Canada and Lower Canada.
6
Q
Summary of NEP:
A
- in 1980s
- During an economic crisis, oil prices skyrocketed, and supply shrunk with high energy bills in Eastern Canada
- ALberta was not hit as hard due to their high amount of oil production
- Pierre Truduea wantes to nationalize the oil industry and make companies owned by the government
-meant less profit for private companies - In response, private companies shut down their operations causing economic hardship
-Truduea was forced to giver Alberta more power
7
Q
What impact do political/social/economic events in the U.S. have on Canada?
A
If the United States catches a cold, Canada gets pneumonia.
8
Q
What was the Meech Lake Accord?
A
An agreement that aimed to recognize Quebec as a distinct society
- quebec would be an independent society
- all provinces could veto any changes to the CCRF
* Manitoba refused to support it
9
Q
What is equalization in the context of Canadian federalism?
A
A federal transfer payment program designed to reduce revenue-generating capacity differences across provinces
10
Q
What did the Bi and Bi Commission advocate for?
A
Protection of French language and culture, and opportunities for French Canadians to participate fully in political and economic decision-making
11
Q
How many Indigenous communities are there in Canada?
A
More than 630 Indigenous communities.
12
Q
What did the Quebec Act of 1774 accept?
A
Quebec’s civil law traditions, permitted the operation of the Catholic church, and recognized the existing landholding system.
13
Q
What political sentiment arose in Alberta due to equalization payments?
A
Western alienation and the emergence of new political parties
14
Q
Who were Baldwin and LaFontaine?
A
Fathers of responsible government who advocated for equal treatment of French and English people.
15
Q
What role does Canada play as a middle power?
A
Peacekeeping and foreign aid.
16
Q
What was the outcome of the Seven Years War?
A
England won and France lost all possessions in Canada.
17
Q
What significant action did Samuel de Champlain take in 1604?
A
He founded permanent French settlements in what is now Quebec and Nova Scotia.
18
Q
What did Jacques Cartier accomplish in 1534?
A
He opened trade routes for France.
19
Q
What was the National Energy Program (NEP) in the 1980s?
A
A program aimed to nationalize the oil industry and freeze oil prices to save on energy bills
20
Q
patriated:
A
to bring a country’s constitution under its own control, transferring legislative power from a former mother country (like Britain) to the autonomous country itself
21
Q
Bi and Bi commision Summary:
A
- response to the growing unrest among French Canadians in Quebec
- commissions findings led to lots of changes such as changes in French education, official languages act, french AND English language in the workplace, beginning of Canadas multiculturalism
- ignored indigenous perspectives
22
Q
What did the Oka Crisis highlight?
A
Deeply highlighted the issues between Canadians and Indigenous Peoples
23
Q
What was the Official Languages Act?
A
A law that mandated federal services to be offered in both French and English
24
Q
What does the Multi-National Model refer to?
A
Canada is a nation of nations with distinct interests and focuses.
25
What are Nationalist Loyalties?
Loyalties that involve directly your nation
26
1980s referendum:
- Led by Rene Levesque9led by leaader of the parti quebec
-emphasis on "sovereignty-association"
- Politically independent Quebec
- common currency between both nations
- common tariffs for both countries
- Focis on "Maitrex chez nous" - which means masters in our own house
27
What is the 'Mosaic' vs. the 'Melting Pot' concept?
'Mosaic' allows for differences; 'Melting Pot' requires assimilation.
28
What was the Red Paper's stance on Indigenous rights?
It contended that Indigenous people should be 'citizens plus' and emphasized the importance of maintaining Indian status.
29
What allows Canada to function despite its differences?
Responsible government/democracy, a federal-provincial power split, the Constitution, bilingualism, and acknowledgment of Quebec’s distinct culture
30
What is pluralism in the context of Canada?
Canada is bilingual, multicultural, and supports religious and political pluralism.
31
Numbered treaties:
a series of 11 agreements signed between the First Nations and the Canadian government (the Crown) between 1871 and 1921
32
What defines Canadian identity?
The ability to 'survive'.
33
What three founding nations is Canada built on?
* French
* English
* Indigenous
34
What were the results of the Red River and Northwest Rebellions?
Happened because the indigenous peoples where not consulted on confederation
- Led to the creation of Manitoba(RR) and the execution of Louis Riel(NW)
35
North American Integration:
- Canada and the USa are culturally similar
- Political/social/economic events affect both countries
- Canadian culture might be swallowed up by larger American one
- benefit from increases integration of supply chains
- coordinate the defense or continental borders
36
What is confederation?
A union of states with some political power held by a central authority.
37
38
What is reasonable accommodation?
A legal concept requiring public institutions to adapt to the religious and cultural practices of minorities
39
What is a loyalty?
A commitment to a cause, idea, person, yourself, or nation
- Loyalties can encompass various aspects of identity and values.
40
What was the Open Door Policy regarding immigration?
Encouraged immigration from the USA, Britain, and Europe, emphasizing families for farm sustainability.
41
What happens when loyalties contend?
You can be faced with a difficult choice
- This may require an individual to prioritize one loyalty over another.
42
What is asymmetrical federalism?
A federal system where different regions have different powers.
- some provinces feel that they contribut more to the country than other provinces
- some provinces feel that others have more power which is unfair(all you need to win a federal election is Ontario and Quebec
43
What was the Charlottetown Accord?
An agreement promising Quebec as a distinct society, 25% of the seats in the house of commons, reforming the senate by making it elected, and Indigenous self-government
- 54% of canadians said no
44
What are Non-Nationalist Loyalties?
Loyalties encompassing other parts of your identity such as class, region, religion, cultural, etc
45
# e
equalization payments:
- equalization is a federal transfer payment program that was first introduces in 1957
- designed to reduce the differences in revenue generation capacity across Canada
- ensures that canadians in all provinces have access to a similar level of services in any province they call home
- payed through federal taxes
46
What is considered a strength of Canadian geography?
Our geography is our strength.
47
What were the reasons for rebellions in Upper and Lower Canada in 1837?
* Lack of democratic government
* Unfair taxes
* Failure of the executive committee to maintain confidence of elected officials
48
The Last Best West:
- Canadian Economy boomed under new PM Laurier which attracted many immigrants
- From1896-1914, Canada encouraged immigration from Europe and the USA
- Clifford Sifton wanted to bring as many settlers as possible to the prairies by offering free land
- He used advertisementss to promote the land
- immigrants were given public land that theu would turn into farm land
49
What is Bill 101?
The Charter of the French Language, making French the official language of government in Quebec
- 1977
50
What was the Just Society concept introduced by Trudeau?
It aimed for a humane and compassionate society that ensures rights and opportunities for all Canadians.
- based on unity - providing a reasonable existence for all Canadians
- not attached to a specific set of reforms, but rather applied to all of trudeaus policies
- government has the duty to protect the rights and freedoms of ALL people
51
What was the outcome of the Oka Crisis?
Negotiations led to the federal government purchasing the land, which is now protected
52
What characterized Upper Canada?
It was mainly English and Protestant.
53
What did the Upper and Lower rebellions result in?
- vioent but unsuccessful rebellions in 1837
- resulted in the durham report
54
What was the government's response to the backlash from the Red Paper?
The government abandoned the White Paper proposal.
55
What did the White Paper of 1969 propose?
- To get rid of the Indian Act
- Provincial governemnts to take over the same responsibilty for Indigenous peoples as the rest of their citizens
- Department of Indian affairs to be taken down
- Give Aboriginal people control and ownership of their lands.
** Intended to encourage Indigenous people t0 leave the reserves, seek jobs in the city, become a part of mainstream canadian society(assimilation)
- Remove the government of any obligation to the indigenous peoples as in the eyes of the law, they would no longer exist
56
What was the response from private companies to the NEP?
They shut down operations in Alberta, causing economic hardship
57
What was the outcome of the 1980s Referendum in Quebec?
40% voted for separation and 60% voted to remain part of Canada
58
What did the Durham Report create?
Responsible government and the creation of a united province of Canada.
59
What does 'contending loyalties' refer to?
When loyalties come into conflict and difficult decisions must be made
60
What is the definition of Canadian Multiculturalism?
A society characterized by ethnic or cultural heterogeneity, with policies implemented to support equality and mutual respect
61
What are the two main categories of loyalties?
* Nationalist Loyalties
* Non-Nationalist Loyalties
62
Northwest rebellion:
- 1885
- more deadly
- creation of the CPR allows for the RCMP to arrive quickly to put down the rebellion
- Riel is executed and colonization continues
63
What was the final cost of the Canadian Pacific Railway?
52 million dollars (in 1885 money).
64
What did the Royal Commission on Aboriginal People (RCAP) conclude?
Major changes were needed to improve Canadian-Indigenous relationships, including re-negotiation of treaties and recognition of Indigenous government
65
What is the Royal Proclamation of 1763?
Issued by King George III to establish government administration in territories claimed by Britain and framework for treaty negotiation with Indigenous peoples.
66
Why do some argue that Canadians do not have a national sense of identity?
Due to factors such as geography, unfairness in economic contributions, Quebec Nationalism, Indigenous self-government, multiculturalism, and regional loyalty
67
What three things can multiculturalism refer to in Canada?
1. A society that is characterized by ethnic or cultural heterogeneity
2. An ideal of equality and mutal respect among a populations ethnic or cultural groups
3. policies implemented by the federal government in 1971 and subsequently by several provinces
68
What farming practices were observed in Ontario by 1000 CE?
They were the same as those in Central America, suggesting trade and travel across the continent.
69
1995 referendum:
-No and Yes side
- Jean Chretien compaigned for no sie and wanted Quebec to stay
- yes side reminded people of Quebecs humiliation in the accords
70
in 1971, how did the government commit to support multiculturalism?
1. Assistance to cultural groups in their development and growth
2. promotion of creative exchanges between cultural groups
3. Assistance to members of cultural groups to overcome
4. Assistance to immigrants barriers for participation in society in learning French or English
71
How does geography affect Canadian identity?
Our geography divides us.
72
What was John A. Macdonald's National Policy?
If he was elected, he promised his national policy which included protective tariffs, increased immigration, and the Canadian Pacific Railway (CPR).
- prioritized development of manufacturing centres in eastern canada over developement on the west
73
What is a concern regarding Canadian culture and American influence?
Canadian culture might be swallowed up by the larger American one.
74
What was John A. Macdonald's role in Canadian Confederation?
He was one of the main architects and had to convince people of its benefits.
** supported confederatoin
75
What characterized Lower Canada?
It was mainly French and Catholic.
76
77
Notwithstanding clause:
- also allowed both federal and provincial government t ignore parts of the consitution to enact their own laws
78
What was a significant promise made by John A. Macdonald to encourage confederation and which provinces joined?
To build a railway if everyone joined.
*** Quebec, Ontariom New Brunsquik, and Nova Scotia joined and a country was born (July 1st 1867)
79
Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms(CCRF):
- signed April 1982
- no support from Quebec
80
What was the Iroquois confederacy?
The first North American democracy, created sometime between 600-1100 CE.
81
What did Pierre Trudeau aim to achieve with the patriation of the Constitution?
To create a made-in-Canada constitution
82
What challenges do educated new immigrants face in Canada?
They often are not able to find work.
83
True or False: Canada has a history of making accommodations for some groups since the 1700s.
True.
84
Who was Jean Lesage?
The premier who led the Quiet Revolution and aimed to modernize Quebec
85
Can multiple loyalties coexist without conflict?
Yes, for example, being a Canadian and a soccer player
## Footnote
Many aspects of identity can align without issue.
86
When was Multiculturalism officially recognized as a policy in Canada?
In 1971 by Pierre Trudeau
87
What are Specific Land Claims?
Claims involving disputes arising from treaty violations or land removal without consent
88
Is Quebec considered a nation within Canada?
Yes, Quebec is a nation within a United Canada.
89
What were three important agreements in Canada in terms of land claims:
| -
- Nisga'a (B.C.)
- Nunavut
- Nunavik/James Bay (Quebec)
*** These were all comprehensive
90
What are some examples of Non-Nationalist Loyalties?
* Interests
* School/Education
* Religious Affiliation
* Cultural
* Class
* Regional
- These elements contribute to an individual's identity and can conflict with nationalist loyalties.
91
What is the significance of Indigenous Oral history?
It indicates that Indigenous peoples have been on the land since time immemorial and is corroborated by archeological artifacts.
## Footnote
This highlights the long-standing presence and cultural heritage of Indigenous nations in Canada.
92
Sovereigntists:
people who supported an indeendent quebec
93
What was the Quiet Revolution in Quebec?
A period of rapid change aimed at modernizing Quebec’s economy, politics, education, and culture
94
Who was the first to claim land in Canada for England?
John Cabot in 1496.
95
western alienation
- western canada felt a resentment towards Eastern Cnada and the federal government due to a feeling that they have been excluded from confederation
96
responsible government:
a government that answers to its people (democracy)
97
What is pluralism?
The belief that a society should reflect an inclusive approach characterized by respect for diversity
98
What is the concept of semi-autonomous provinces and territories?
Individual areas can set their own Reasonable Accommodation.
99
Red River Rebellion:
- First violent rebellion led by Metis leader Louis Riel in response to the onging colonization
- led to creation of Manitoba
100
What does the term 'rugged survival' refer to in the context of Canada?
The Canadian 'spirit'.
101
Is nationalism considered outdated in a globalized world?
It is debated whether nationalism is outdated or more important than ever.
102
When did British Columbia join Confederation?
In 1871 with the promise of being linked by rail in 10 years.
## Footnote
- John A macdonald wanted the CPR so badly he gave the wealthy(american financers 25 million in cash, 25 million acres, and a monopoly over lake superior for 20 years
103
What does 'Canada as a series of “Not’s”' mean?
Canadians are defined by what they are not, such as NOT Americans or NOT British.
104
National Indian Brotherhood:
a national political body formed in 1970 to represent the interests of First Nations peoples in Canada, advocating for Indigenous rights and sovereignty
105
RCAP summary:
- Cretaed by Brian Mulroney after Oka crisis in 1991
- released in 1993
- report concluded that major changed were needed to imporove canadian-indigenous relationships (suggested three things)
- re negotiation of treaties
- regonition of indigenous government
- creation of an indigenous parliament
- never implemented
106
# federalists:
federalists:
people who wanted Quebec to stay with Canada
107
What larger issues can contending loyalties lead to?
* Apartheid
* Rwandan Genocide
* Partition of Ireland
* Current (and past) conflict in Israel
* Kurdish Territory
- These examples illustrate how competing loyalties can escalate into significant conflicts.
108
self governance:
the ability of a person or group to exercise all necessary functions of regulation without intervention from an external authority.
109
Oka Crisis Summary:
- a 77 day violent showdown between the canadian government and the Mohawk nation in 1990
- Occured in Oka, Quebec
- Centred around land claims and indigenous rights
- City wanted to exapnad a golfcourse on traditional burial site on the Mohawk and in response they barricaded on the land
- ended with negotiations
- Resulted in the ROYAL COMMISION ON ABORGINAL PEOPLE
110
What are Comprehensive Land Claims?
Claims involving traditional lands where Aboriginal rights and title were never dealt with in treaties or other agreements
111
What are some external influences on Canadian identity?
Cultural influences and geographic challenges.
112
Treaties and what percentage of Canada’s land is covered under treaties:
Nearly 50%.
- governemnt had goal to gain control as quickly and cheaply as possuble in order to clear the prairies for the CPR
- indigenous perspectives ignored
- uneven balance of power
113
Flag debate:
- in 1995, Canada wanted a new flag
- Massive debates about symbols, colours, features, etc.
- conservative wanted homage to Britain, Liberals wanted a brand new one to symbolize unity
114
What did PM Diefenbaker promote as part of his vision for Canada?
Unity under the concept of '**One Canada**' where all Canadians are equal.
- unity was key to his vision of Canada
- called for a united canada coast to coast where everyone no matter their religion, race, or region were all equal under one name as canadians
115
What was the result of the 1995 Referendum in Quebec?
A slim victory for the 'No' side with 50.6% against 49.4% for 'Yes'
