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ap biology > Unit 2: Cells & Transport > Flashcards

Unit 2: Cells & Transport Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards
1
Q

Microscopy

A

the technical field of using microscopes to view samples & objects that cannot be seen with the unaided eye

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2
Q

Light Microscopes

A

an instrument for visualizing the fine detail of an object

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3
Q

Electron Microscopes

A

an instrument that uses a beam of electrons to magnify a specimen

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4
Q

Organelles

A

a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell

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5
Q

Scanning Electron Microscopes

A

an instrument that produces a largely magnified image by using electrons instead of light to form an image

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6
Q

Transmission Electron Microscope

A

a technique used to observe the features of very small specimens

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7
Q

Cell Fractionation

A

separates subcellular components and organelles, so that the structures, functions, and molecular compositions of isolated components may be studied

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8
Q

Cytosol

A

fluid present in a cell, part of the cytoplasm

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9
Q

Eukaryotic Cells

A

nucleus enclosed in the nuclear membrane, and forms large complex organisms. Ex. Plants, Animals, Humans, ETC.

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10
Q

Prokaryotic Cells

A

smaller than Euk, it has no nucleus and lacks organelles and cell walls around it. Ex. Bacteria

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11
Q

Nucleoid

A

irregular-shaped region in a prokaryote and contains most or all of the genetic material (DNA)

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12
Q

Cytoplasm

A

liquid that fills the inside of a cell

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13
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

found in all cells, separates interior of cell from outside environment

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14
Q

Nucleus

A

structure in a cell that contains chromosomes, DNA > RNA

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15
Q

Nuclear Envelope

A

separates the nucleus and the cytoplasm, structural framework of nucleus

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16
Q

Nuclear Lamina

A

structure near the inner nuclear membrane

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17
Q

Chromosomes

A

structure found in the nucleus of a cell

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18
Q

Chromatin

A

mixture of DNA and proteins that form chromosomes

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19
Q

Nucleolus

A

largest nuclear organelle, primary site of ribosomes subunit in euk cells

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20
Q

Ribosomes

A

intercellular structure made of RNA and protein, site of protein synthesis

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21
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

makes hormones and lipids, found in animal and plant cells

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22
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

cellular organelle composed of many folds of tissues and channels

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23
Q

Endomembrane System

A

euk cells, modify, package, and transport lipids and proteins

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24
Q

Vesicles

A

move substances into or out of the cell

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25
Q

Glycoproteins

A

protein and carbohydrate chains that help with immunity and other things

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26
Q

Transport Vesicles

A

move materials from one part of the cell to another

27
Q

Lysosomes

A

membrane-enclosed organelles that contain enzymes capable of breaking down proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and lipids

28
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

small flat sacs formed by membranes in the cell’s cytoplasm, prepare protein and lipid molecules for use in places inside and outside the cell

29
Q

Phagocytosis

A

cellular process for ingesting and eliminating particles larger than 0.5 μm in diameter, including microorganisms, foreign substances, and apoptotic cells, an essential process for tissue homeostasis

30
Q

Vacuoles

A

membrane-bound organelles that can be found in both animals and plants

31
Q

Mitochondria

A

membrane-bound organelles that generate most of the chemical energy needed to power the cell’s biochemical reactions

32
Q

Chloroplast

A

convert light energy into relatively stable chemical energy via photosynthesis

33
Q

Endosymbiont Theory

A

some eukaryotic cell organelles, such as mitochondria and plastids, evolved from free-living prokaryotes

34
Q

Cristae

A

folds in the inner mitochondria membrane

35
Q

Mitochondrial Matrix

A

performs the process of aerobic respiration, contains ribosomes resembling bacteria

36
Q

Photosynthesis

A

the process where plants use sunlight, water, and carbon dioxide to create energy in the form of sugar

37
Q

Cellular Respiration

A

process where cells get energy from glucose

38
Q

Thylakoids

A

pouch-like sacs that are bound to a membrane in the chloroplasts of a plant cell

39
Q

Granum

A

a basic structural unit of the thylakoid membrane network of plant chloroplasts, multiple flattened membranes stacked together

40
Q

Plastids

A

double-membrane organelles which are found in the cells of plants and algae

41
Q

Peroxisome

A

small, membrane-enclosed organelles that contain enzymes involved in a variety of metabolic reactions, including several aspects of energy metabolism

42
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

structure that helps cells keep their structure as well as shape and internal structure

43
Q

Motor Proteins

A

driving force behind muscle contraction and are responsible for the active transport of most proteins and vesicles in the cytoplasm

44
Q

Microtubules

A

narrow hollow tube-like structure found in the cytoplasm of plant and animal cells

45
Q

Centrosome

A

an organelle that serves as the main microtubule organizing center of the animal cell, as well as a regulator of cell-cycle progression

46
Q

Centrioles

A

paired barrel-shaped organelles located in the cytoplasm of animal cells near the nuclear envelope

47
Q

Flagella

A

microscopic hair-like structures involved in the locomotion of a cell

48
Q

Cilia

A

small, slender, hair-like structures present on the surface of all mammalian cells

49
Q

Microfilaments

A

They function in cellular movement, have a diameter of about 7 nm, and are made of two intertwined strands of a globular protein called actin

50
Q

Actin

A

forms filaments that provide cells with mechanical support and driving forces for movement

51
Q

Myosin

A

proteins that convert chemical energy (ATP) to mechanical energy, generating force and movement

52
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

specialized to provide mechanical support for the cell, long strands of protein

53
Q

Cell Wall

A

structural layer that surrounds some cell types, found outside the cell membrane

54
Q

Collagen

A

protein molecules made up of amino acids,

55
Q

Proteoglycans

A

the “filler” substance existing between cells in an organism, major component of animal cells

56
Q

Fibronectin

A

glycoprotein that is composed of blocks of three types of repeating, homologous peptide sequences

57
Q

Integrins

A

principal receptors used by animal cells to bind to the extracellular metrix

58
Q

Food Vauole

A

has a digestive function

59
Q

Contractile Vacuole

A

pump water out of the cell

60
Q

Central Vacuole

A

storage tank for water and other molecules

61
Q

Primary Cell Wall

A

cellulose-containing layer laid down by cells that are dividing and growing

62
Q

Secondary Cell Wall

A

located between the primary cell wall and the plasma membrane, found in many plant cells

63
Q

Middle Lamella

A

pectin layer made up of calcium and magnesium pectate

ap biology (8 decks)

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