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AP Biology > Unit 4: Cell Cycle & Enzymes > Flashcards

Unit 4: Cell Cycle & Enzymes Flashcards

1
Q

Cell Division

A

parent cell divided into two daughter cells

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2
Q

Genome

A

complete set of genetic material in an organism

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3
Q

Chromosomes

A

thread-like structures inside the nucleus of plant and animal cells

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4
Q

Chromatin

A

mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes found in the cells of humans and other higher organisms

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5
Q

Somatic Cells

A

cells in the body other than sperm and egg cells

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6
Q

Sister Chromatids

A

the identical copies formed by the DNA replication of a chromosome, with both copies, joined together by a common centromere

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6
Q

Gametes

A

organisms reproductive cells

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7
Q

Centromere

A

constricted region of a chromosome and plays a key role in helping the cell divide up its DNA during division (Mitosis and Meiosis)

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8
Q

Mitosis

A

type of cell division in which the mother cell divides to produce two daughter cells that are genetically identical to itself

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9
Q

Cytokinesis

A

physical process of cell division, which divides the cytoplasm of a parental cell into two daughter cells

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10
Q

M Phase

A

one parent cell physically divides into two daughter cells

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11
Q

Interphase

A

the phase of a cell cycle in which a typical cell spends most of its life, the “metabolic phase”, the cell obtains nutrients and metabolizes them, grows, and replicates its DNA in preparation for mitosis

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12
Q

G 1

A

the first of four phases of the cell cycle that takes place in eukaryotic cell division, the cell synthesizes mRNA and proteins in preparation for subsequent steps leading to mitosis

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13
Q

G 2 & S Phases

A

in the S phase cell copies its DNA to produce two sister chromatids and replicates its nucleosomes, G2 phase involves further cell growth and organisation of cellular contents

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14
Q

Prophase

A

the first phase of mitosis, a process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells

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15
Q

Prometaphase

A

second phase of mitosis, process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells

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16
Q

Metaphase

A

stage during the process of cell division (Mitosis & Meiosis), nucleus dissolves and the cell’s chromosomes condense and move together, aligning in the center of the dividing cell

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17
Q

Anaphase

A

the fourth phase of mitosis, a process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two identical daughter cells

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18
Q

Telophase

A

fifth and final phase of mitosis, a process that separates the duplicated genetic material carried in the nucleus of a parent cell into two daughter cells

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19
Q

Mitotic Spindle

A

macromolecular machine that segregates chromosomes to two daughter cells during mitosis

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20
Q

G 0 Phase

A

period of the cell cycle during which the cell is neither dividing nor preparing to divide

20
Q

Kinetochore

A

arge proteinaceous structure that mediates interactions between chromosomal DNA and spindle-microtubule polymers

21
Q

Metaphase Plate

A

imaginary line that runs across the cell, dividing the cell into hemispheres

22
Q

Cleavage

A

series of miotic divisions where the enormous volume of egg cytoplasm is divided into numerous smaller, nucleated cells

23
Q

Cleavage Furrow

A

area of cell surface invagination that occurs during the process of cytokinesis

24
Q

Cell Plate

A

structure that forms when the cytoplasm of a plant divides

25
Q

Binary Fission

A

process of one cell simply dividing into two

26
Q

Checkpoint

A

stage in the eukaryotic cell cycle at which the cell examines cues and “decides” whether or not to move forward with division

27
Q

Cell Cycle Control System

A

triggers the major processes of the cell cycle

28
Q

Cyclin

A

group of proteins that control the progression of the cell cycle by activating particular enzymes

29
Q

MPF

A

Maturation-promoting factor, protein kinase made from two subunits

29
Q

Cyclin-Dependent Kinases

A

protein kinases characterized by needing a separate subunit that provides domains essential for enzymatic activity

30
Q

Growth Factor

A

a secreted biologically active molecule that can affect the growth of cells

31
Q

Density-Dependent Inhibition

A

happens when cells grow to a limited density then growth becomes inhibited, possibly by cell-cell contacts

32
Q

Anchorage Dependence

A

ability of normal cells to grow by attaching themselves to a rigid surface

33
Q

Transformation

A

specific process where exogenous genetic material is directly taken up and incorporated by a cell through its cell membrane

34
Q

Benign Tumor

A

abnormal but not cancerous collection of cells

35
Q

Malignant Tumor

A

cancerous cells

36
Q

Catalyst

A

substance that speeds up chemical reactions, or lowers the temperature or pressure needed to start one, without itself being consumed during the reaction

37
Q

Enzyme

A

biological catalyst and is almost always a protein

38
Q

Activation Energy

A

minimum energy required for a reaction to occur

39
Q

Substrate

A

the surface on which an organism lives or the substance on which an enzyme can act

40
Q

Product

A

end substances after a biological process has occured

41
Q

Enzyme-Substrate Complex

A

temporary molecule formed when the substrate binds to the enzyme

42
Q

Active Site

A

the part of an enzyme to which substrates bind and where a reaction is catalyzed

43
Q

Induced Fit

A

the substrate binds to an active site and both change shape slightly, creating an ideal fit for the catalyst

44
Q

Cofactors

A

a non-protein chemical compound or metallic ion that is required for an enzymes role as a catalyst

45
Q

Coenzymes

A

organic molecule that binds to the active sites of certain enzymes to assist in the catalysis of a reaction

46
Q

Competitive Inhibitors

A

competes with substrate for binding to an active site

47
Q

Noncompetitive Inhibitors

A

inhibitor binds at an allosteric site separate from the active site of substrate binding

48
Q

Allosteric Regulation

A

any form of regulation where the regulatory molecule binds to an enzyme someplace other than the active site

49
Q

Feedback Inhibition

A

cellular control mechanism, in which the activity of an enzyme is inhibited by the end product of a biochemical pathway

AP Biology (8 decks)

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