Unit 2 (Chapter 3-5) Flashcards
(77 cards)
1
Q
Principles of Individualism (6)
A
- The Rule of Law
- Individual Rights and Freedoms
- Private Property
- Economic Freedom
- Self-interest
- Competition
2
Q
Principles of Individualism
1. The Rule of Law
A
Every individual is equal before the law
3
Q
Principles of Individualism
2. Individual Rights and Freedoms
A
An important feature of liberal democracies including freedom of religion, freedom of association and right to life, liberty and security
4
Q
Principles of Individualism
3. Private Property
A
Something owned by an individual, a house, clothes etc
5
Q
Principles of Individualism
4. Economic Freedom
A
The freedom to buy what you want and to sell your labour, product or idea to whomever you wish
6
Q
Principles of Individualism
5. Self-Interest
A
One’s personal interest or advantage
7
Q
Principles of Individualism
6. Competition
A
The act of competing with others (many different companies selling different things)
8
Q
What is free market?
A
An economic system with limited government intervention. Individuals make choices in their own self-interest
9
Q
What are the principles of Classical Liberalism? (6)
A
- Rule of Law
- Individual Rights and Freedoms
- Private Property
- Economic Freedom
- Self-interest
- Competition
10
Q
What were the enclosure acts and what did they result in?
A
Forced farmers to build fences around their property, resulting in the elimination of many small farms
11
Q
What is Laissez-faire?
A
Letting things take their own course. “Leave it alone” government doesn’t interfere in free market
12
Q
What was the Industrial Revolution?
A
Transition in Britain from an agricultural and mercantile society to a modern industrial society
13
Q
Define Capital
A
Money
14
Q
Define Nouveau Riche
A
Newly wealthy
15
Q
What were the ideas of Thomas Hobbes?
A
Believed a strong central authority was needed to help keep people in line; without it, life (not people) would be “nasty, brutish and short”
16
Q
Ideas of John Locke on why people should form the government:
A
He believed people had the right to use their reason and logic to make decisions for themselves. People don’t need to rely on others to make decisions they can make for themselves
17
Q
Ideas of Montesquieu on his reason for 3 branches of government: (4)
A
- he believed in the equality of individuals
- he believed in the accountability of the government
- he believed in democracy and that each citizen needed to participate and be aware of the laws of the government
- he believed in the 3 different branches of government so that no one branch could dominate
18
Q
Ideas of John Stuart Mill on the limitations that he thought should be placed on individuals (2)
A
- he believed in the protection of the individual and their freedoms
- he believed individuals should be free to act in whatever manner they want as long as it doesn’t harm others
19
Q
3 factors that led to the Industrial Revolution
A
- Britain was an island, so they developed a strong navy for protection of the island and for the sea trade.
- Power was shared between the king and parliament
- The enlightenment thinkers were sharing their ideas about the primacy of human reason, human initiative, and individual worth.
20
Q
Ideas of Adam Smith (2)
A
- individuals need to be given freedom to make their own decisions
- individuals’ selfishness and competitiveness will improve their societies
21
Q
What was the “Wealth of Nations”
A
Adam Smith’s book that described the invisible hand theory and how it would benefit society
22
Q
Smith’s Invisible Hand
A
The theory of the invisible hand: by having every individual look after his/her own best interest, he/she unwittingly ends up helping everyone else by providing jobs and cheaper products
23
Q
Causes of the French Revolution (3)
A
- there had been several crop failures, droughts and floods
- government was bankrupt due to many wars and overspending
- the rigid class system society
24
Q
Ideas of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen (5)
A
- Men are born and remain free and equal
- The purpose of the government is to protect people’s liberty, property, security, and resistance to oppression
- All citizens are equal before the law and have the right to participate in government
- Liberty is permitted as long as one’s actions do not harm others
- Freedom of speech and freedom of the press are essential
25
How class structure was changed by the Industrial Revolution
Before the revolution people with “old money” were the only wealthy in England, but after the revolution, people could become factory owners, bankers etc. and become rich on their own. This changed class structure cuz you could turn into a higher class.
26
Working and living conditions for workers during the Industrial Revolution:
- it was horrible. They had low wages due to the surplus of workers and were unable to meet their basic needs.
- housing shortages led to overcrowding and unsanitary living conditions in the cities as well as exploitation by unscrupulous landlords
27
Define Luddites
Protest movement opposing replacement of workers with technology
28
Define Chartists
Working class movement that focused on political and social reform
29
Chartists goals (6)
1. Universal Suffrage for all men over 21
2. Equal sized electoral districts (by population)
3. Voting by secret ballot
4. An end for the need of owning things to be able to vote.
5. Pay for the members of parliament
6. Annual elections
30
Define socialism
An ideology in favour of resources being controlled by the public for the benefit of everyone in society (and for the benefit of private owners and investors)
31
Define Utopians
Humanitarians advocating an end to the appalling conditions of workers in the industrialized countries
32
Who was Robert Owen
A utopian socialist who created New Lanark
33
Define New Lanark
Offered good working conditions, benefits and educational and social opportunities for workers
34
Define Marxism/Scientific Socialism/Communism
A philosophy that analyses the impact of the ruling class on the labourers, leading to uneven wealth and privileges in society
35
What is “The Communist Manifesto”
Written by Karl Marx; outlined how the proletariat would gain control of the means of production
36
Define Command Economy/Planned Economy
Economy in which the government determines what will be produced, how, how much and at what price
37
Define Classical Conservatism
Reaction to classical liberalism that supported social hierarchy, limited electorate and maintenance of traditions and customs
38
Define Reactionary
Opponent of revolution
39
Define Welfare Capitalism
Classical liberal economic system combined with worker protections and a safety net in the form of social programs.
40
What was Theodore Roosevelt’s “square deal”:
Policy treating labourers and capitalists fairly
41
Define Progressivism
1920’s movement in the US that reacted to the abuses of laissez-faire capitalism by large corporations
42
Define Welfare State
A state whose economy is capitalist but where the government uses social programs to ensure economic stability
43
Who is John Maynard Keynes
Economist who proposed the counter-cyclical business cycle: the government should reduce spending and increases taxes during a boom, increase spending and reduce taxes during a bust
44
Franklin Roosevelt’s “New Deal”
Government massive public works programs to put people back to work during the depression
45
How New Lanark differed from other factories (3)
1. Infants were cared for while parents worked
2. Children attended school until 10 years old instead of 5 or 6
3. Children 10+ worked 10 hour days instead of 13+ hours
46
Main beliefs of socialists
Socialists believe resources should be controlled by the public for the benefit of everyone in society and not by private interests for the benefit of private owners and investors.
47
The Communist Manifesto’s main ideas (4)
1. There is to be one bank controlled by the government, who is the only producer in the banking industry.
2. Abolition of private property. All must belong to govt.
3. The govt controls all interaction and traveling among its citizens.
4. Free education for all kids, abolition of child labour, combination of eduction with industrial production
48
Who was Edmund Burke
He was a classical conservative. He thought people who are uninformed about government should not have a say and that all individuals were equally capable of participation in the affairs of the country
49
Beliefs shared by Burke and the classical conservatives (3)
1. Society should be structured in a hierarchical fashion with those best suited for leadership at the top because people do not have equal abilities
2. Government should be chosen by a limited electorate with special rights, responsibilities and privileges
3. Leaders should be humanitarian - their role includes the responsibility to care for the welfare of others.
50
Theodore Roosevelt’s attitude toward laissez-faire capitalism
He believed both labour (workers) and capital (business owners) should be benefited and cared for. He believed the government should step in in certain situations, therefore he disagreed with laissez-fair capitalism
51
The impact of the Great Depression on liberalism
The Great Depression caused change and liberalism evolved into modern liberalism. Business failures and impoverishment caused many people to question laissez-fair capitalism and to suggest that the existing political, social and economic order has failed.
52
Causes of the Great Depression (3)
1. People were purchasing goods and stocks on credit
2. Grain prices dropped, people panicked and tried to sell their stocks
3. Banks failed as people withdrew all their money etc.
53
Keynes’ proposal to offset the boom and bust cycle of the economy (aka Keynesian Economics or the Counter-Cyclical business cycle)
He suggested that:
- during a recession the government should spur the economy by increasing spending and reducing taxes.
- during a boom, the government should cool off the economy by decreasing spending and increasing taxes
54
Define Stalin’s Five Year plan
Stalins economic plans that guided the USSR’s centrally planned economy
55
Define Collectivization
Policy that seized land from private landowners to form collective farms
56
Define the Great Purge
Period of political repression in the USSR under Stalin
57
Define the Night of Long Knives
Hitler purge of the Nazi Party
58
Define Autarky
Self sufficiency or independence from other nations
59
Define eugenics
Controlling human reproduction so that desirable genetic traits are encouraged and undesirable traits are eliminated
60
Causes of the Russian Revolution
It was a reaction to the authoritarian chartist system where a small group of high class people benefited from the suffering and hard work of workers
61
How do Totalitarian regimes achieve conformity to the state ideology (6)
- extensive local, regional and national organization
- youth, professional, cultural, and athletic groups (often forced participation)
- a secret police using terror
- indoctrination through education
- the censorship of the media
- redirecting popular discontent (use of scapegoats)
62
What were conditions like in Russia before the Russian Revolution
There were poor living and working conditions. Workers were subject to difficult social and economic conditions
63
Ineffectual reforms did the Tsar attempt to implement in 1905 (4)
He allowed:
- the freedom of expression
- freedom of religion
- universal suffrage
- the creation of an elected legislative assembly called the Duma (parliament)
But this changed nothing.
64
Problems Russia experienced from 1914-1917 (4)
- food shortages and strikes were common
- troops were poorly fed during the war and suffered massive losses
- the Czar stepped down
- a revolution occurred in 1917
65
Platform of the Bolsheviks
“Land, Peace, Bread”
66
How the Bolsheviks took over:
They won popularity with the slogan “land, peace, bread” and won a 5 year long civil war. They established communism in Russia
67
The key terms of the Treaty of Versailles (6)
1. Germany had to accept the “war, guilt clause”
2. Germany was forced to pay reparation payments.
3. Germanys borders with France, Belgium, and the Netherlands were to be demilitarized
4. Germanys army wasn’t allowed more than 100,000 troops
5. Germanys navy wasn’t allowed more than 15,000 men and a limited number of vessels
6. The manufacture, import and export of weapons and armaments; including tanks, submarines, aircraft and artillery were prohibited
68
What the German populace pinned blame for on the German Government
Much of the German population blamed the government for the humiliation and economic hardship the treaty would cause for years after.
69
Why was there economic turmoil in Germany during the 1920’s? (3)
- the economy was in ruins after WW1
- they couldn’t pay reparations anymore
- they were invaded and business were seized.
70
Why did the Nazi’s appeal to the German People?
The Nazis said it was the responsibility of the state to provide every citizen with an opportunity to earn a living. This appealed to the German people because most were unemployed and were desperate
71
Causes of the famine in Ukraine
Stalin took farms from their owners, made people work on collective farms and forced them to surrender their belongings. All these disruptions to agricultural production led to the famine. Stalin caused it
72
How Propaganda was used to control the population in Germany
Hitler made fascism appealing by using propaganda. Images of the “New Soviet Man” and the “New Soviet Woman” were displayed. Images of children playing at their new jobs. They made everything in accordance to the new communist ideology.
73
Features if Fascism in Nazi Germany: (5)
1. Collectivism
2. Anti-liberalism
3. Racism
4. Big Business State Military Partnership
5. Extreme Nationalism
74
How did Hitler come to power in Germany
He received 33% if the vote and 1/3 of the seats in the Reichstag. He made the Germans believe he could save their country
75
How did Hitler’s Policies benefit the German Economy (what were the policies (5))
- he banned trade unions and strikes
- he created massive public projects
- he re-armed the military
- gave subsidies to farmers and industries
- foreign imports were restricted
This gave people jobs, allowed work to be done, and encouraged consumption of German goods.
76
How did Hitler’s laws exclude the Jews from German society (5)
1. Jews were barred from working for the govt, being lawyers and editors. The number of Jewish students in public schools were limited.
2. Jewish officers were expelled from the army
3. Jews were banned from working as tax collectors, vets, or teachers
4. Jews were not allowed to change their names or the names of their businesses
5. Jews must report all property in excess of 5000 Reichsmarks.
77
Why did Hitler recruit youth?
To ensure the future of the Thousand-year Reich. Youth were encouraged to belong to special organizations that inculcated loyalty to the Nazi Regime
