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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Unit 2: Chemical Level Of Organization > Flashcards

Unit 2: Chemical Level Of Organization Flashcards

(67 cards)

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1
Q

Chemical elements

A

Substances that cannot be split into simpler substances by ordinary chemical means

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2
Q

Chemistry

A

Study of matter

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3
Q

Element

A

A quantity of matter composed of atoms of the same type

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4
Q

Atom

A

The smallest chemical element; a unit of matter

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5
Q

Structures of an atom

A

Protons, neutrons, electrons

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6
Q

Protons

A

Positively charged particles in the nucleus of the atom

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7
Q

Neutrons

A

No charge particles in the nucleus of the atom

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8
Q

Electrons

A

Negatively charged particles in the electron cloud outside of the nucleus of the atom

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9
Q

Neutral atom

A

Has no charge I.e. Neutron

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10
Q

Atomic number

A

The number of protons in an atom

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11
Q

Isotope

A

When the number of neutrons changes an element; a variety of an element

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12
Q

Mass number

A

The sum of the protons and neutrons in an atom; indicates how ,ugh the atom weighs; always a whole number

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13
Q

4 elements that make up 96% of the human body

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

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14
Q

The universal solvent

A

Water

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15
Q

Ion

A

Atoms that have given up or gained an electron in their outer electron she’ll

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16
Q

Cation

A

Positively charged ions that have given up one or more electrons (donors)

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17
Q

Anion

A

Negatively charged ions that have picked up one or more electrons that another atom has lost (acceptors)

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18
Q

Molecule

A

Formed when atoms share electrons

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19
Q

Electrolyte

A

A molecule that disassociates in water to form individual ions

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20
Q

Compound

A

Substances whose molecules have more than one kind of atom

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21
Q

Covalent bond

A

Formed by atoms of molecule sharing 1, 2, or 3 pairs of their outermost electrons - one of the strongest chemical bonds

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22
Q

Ionic bond

A

Formed when an atom loses or gains an electron; ions are then formed

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23
Q

Hydrogen bond

A 
Weak interactions (15% as strong as the covalent bonds) between
Hydrogen and adjacent atoms like oxygen; uneven sharing polar; useful in establishing links between molecules or distant parts of a very large molecule (DNA)
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24
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum of all the chemical reactions in the body (anabolic/catabolic)

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25
Catalyst
Chemical compounds that speed up chemical reactions; neither consumed or produced in reaction; used over and over again (digestive enzymes)
26
Inorganic
Simple molecules that lack carbon (water)
27
Organic
Always contain carbon; usually large complex molecules, usually contain hydrogen, always have covalent bonds, the only way carbon bonds
28
Universal solvent
Water; many substances can be dissolved in it | Water = inorganic, sustains life; 50-80% of human body
29
Mixture
A combination of elements or compounds that are physically blended together but can be separated by ordinary means
30
Solution
A substance (solvent) that dissolved in another substance (solute); doesn't settle
31
Solute
What is being dissolved in a solvent
32
Solvent
What is used to dissolve the solute
33
Colloid
Particles that do not dissolve but don't settle out; much smaller particles; don't easily settle
34
Suspension
Then suspended material may mix with the liquid or suspending ,Edith for some time; eventually settles out; naturally separates (blood)
35
pH scale
Concentration of hydrogen ions | 0-14; 7 neutral; >7 acid;
36
Buffer
Maintains even pH; converts strong acids and bases to weak acids and bases; hides excess ions as other molecules (HCO3^-) = biggest buffer bicarbonate 7.35-7.45
37
pH range of blood
7.35-7.45
38
Alkalosis
pH above 7.45
39
Acidosis
pH below 7.35
40
What forms when acids and bases neutralize each other
Water and a salt
41
Carbohydrates
Provide most of the energy needed for life; includes sugars, starches, Glycogen, and cellulose
42
Monosaccharides
Simple sugar (1); 5 carbon sugars used km nuclei can acids, 6 carbon sugars - most recognizable in diet; glucose is preferred energy source
43
Disaccharides
Made by combining 2 monosaccharides; sucrose = glucose + fructose Lactose = glucose and galactose
44
Polysaccharides
3 + simple sugars; the largest carbs; contains 100s of monosaccharides; glycogen is the principle polysaccharide; plant starch and cellulose
45
Building blocks of carbohydrates
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
46
Carb used as primary energy source
Glycogen
47
Hydrolysis
Put water in
48
Dehydration synthesis
Take water out
49
Where is glycogen stored
The liver or skeletal muscles
50
Lipids
Organic molecules, combine with proteins for transport in blood
51
Lipoproteins
Carry cholesterol to or away from cells/liver; blood transport
52
Triglycerides
Most plentiful lipids; provide protection insulation and energy (immediate and stored); the fat in everything
53
Phospholipids
Have a head and 2 tails, found in cell membrane, doesn't like water, polar lipid; organize acids to create cell membranes
54
Steroids
Sex hormones, bile salts, some vitamins, cholesterol (needed to make all hormones)
55
HDL
High density lipoprotein; carries cholesterol away from cells toward liver for disposal (good cholesterol)
56
LDL
Low density phospholipids; carries cholesterol towards cells and blood vessel lining (bad cholesterol)
57
Most important steroid
Cholesterol
58
Protein
Large molecule
59
Building blocks of proteins
Amino acids; carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
60
Element not found in carbs or lipids
Nitrogen
61
Bond formed by proteins
Peptide bond: covalent bond formed by 2 amino acids (dipeptide/polypeptide/enzymes)
62
Nucleus acids
Huge organic molecules composed of nucleotides (building blocks of DNA/RNA)
63
Building blocks of nuclei can acids
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorus
64
3 parts of a nucleotide
Nitrogenous base, penthouse sugar, phosphate
65
DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid: 2 strands Sugar - deoxyribose Bases used - adenine, thymine, cytosine, guanine
66
RNA
Ribonucleic acid: Sugar - ribone Bases - adenine, uracil, cytosine, guanine 3 types - messenger, ribosomal, transfer
67
ATP
``` Energy carrying molecule Odenosine triphosphate (full name) Anything that needs energy needs ATP Cellular energy Energy input Energy source for enzymes Shuttles energy from one place to another ```

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (10 decks)

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