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Anatomy & Physiology 1 > Unit 9: Nervous Tissue > Flashcards

Unit 9: Nervous Tissue Flashcards

(93 cards)

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1
Q

Central nervous system includes

A

Brain, spinal cord

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2
Q

Peripheral nervous system includes

A

1) somatic nervous system (SNS)
2) autonomic nervous system (ANS)
3) enteric Nervous System (ENS)

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3
Q

Somatic nervous system (SNS)

A

Afferent neurons; efferent neurons; interneurons, head, body wall, limbs

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4
Q

Autonomic nervous system (ANS)

A

Motor neurons, involuntary, smooth cardic muscle/glands

1) sympathetic division
Flight/fight response - speeds up

2) parasympathetic division
Mellow/relax - slows down

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5
Q

Enteric nervous system (ENS)

A

Brain of the guy; controls digestion from beginning to end

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6
Q

Ganglia

A

Small masses of neuronal cell bodies located outside the brain/spinal cord; closely associated with cranial/spinal nerves

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7
Q

2 types of nerve cells

A

Neurons, neuoglia

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8
Q

Which nerve cell transmits electrical signals

A

Neurons

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9
Q

Neuron: cell body

A

Process signal received

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10
Q

Neuron: dendrites

A

Receive signal

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11
Q

Neuron: axons

A

Transmits signal

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12
Q

Neuron: Axon terminal

A

Carries signal to destination (synapse)

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13
Q

Sensory Afferent neurons

A

Convey APs into the CNS through cranial/spinal nerves

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14
Q

Motor/efferent neurons

A

Convey APs away from the CNSmto effectors (spinal/glands) in the periphery through cranial/spinal nerves

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15
Q

Interneurons

A

Mainly located within the CNS between sensory/motor neurons; make decisions between affecent/effecent

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16
Q

Synapse

A

Site of communication between 2 neurons or between a neuron and another effector

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17
Q

Synaptic vesicles

A

In axon terminals, tiny membrane enclosed sacs stores packets of neurotransmitter chemicals

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18
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

In between synapse, action potentials, communicate at the synapse, re establish the AP in the postsynaptic cell

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19
Q

Schwann Cell

A

Neuroglia; produce myelin in PNS

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20
Q

Astrocyte

A

Neuroglia, support neurons in CNS-blood brain barrier

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21
Q

Ependymal cells

A

Neuroglia, form/circulate spinal fluid

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22
Q

Microglia

A

Neuroglia, participate in phagocytosis in brain

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23
Q

Oligodendrocyte

A

Produce myelin in CNS

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24
Q

Myelination

A

The process of for,in a myelin sheath which insulates and increases nerve impulse speed, insulated nerves have faster signal

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25
Multiple sclerosis
Autoimmune destruction/degeneration of myelin; slows down nerves
26
Nerve regeneration
Largely dependent on the Schwann cells in the PNS; doesn't occur at all in the CNS where astrocytes create scar tissue, repairs nerve cells as much as possible
27
Demyelination
The loss/destruction of myelin sheaths around axons
28
White matters
Formed from aggregations of myelinated axons from many neurons; inside brain outside spinal cord
29
Gray matter
Lacks myelin; formed from cell bodies and dendrites, decision making
30
Action potential (AP)
A short lasting event in which the electrical membrane potential of a cell rapidly rises and falls
31
Ion channel
Present in the plasma membrane; allows specific ions to move across plasma membranes
32
Nerve impulse
The electrical wave transmitted along a nerve fibre comes after stimulation; moves higher-lower concentration low-high concentration
33
Polarized
Resting but primed - ready to produce action potential
34
Depolarization
Sodium channels open letting sodium rush in; makes inside positive; potassium leaks out
35
Polarization
Potassium channels open; sodium channels close;'potassium comes in sodium pumps out
36
What stage has a refractory period
Depolarization
37
Synapse
A structure that permits a neuron (nerve cell) to pass an electrical signal or chemical signal to another cell
38
Neurotransmitter 2
Chemicals that allow the transmission of signals from one neuron to the next across synapses
39
Agonist
Any chemical that enhances or stimulates the effects at a given receptor
40
Antagonist
A chemical that blocks or diminishes the effects at a given receptor
41
Comes medullaris
Cone shaped structure at the lower end of the spinal cord
42
Location and length of adult spinal cord
Medulla oblong are to foramen magnum to conus medullaris
43
End of spinal cord called
Conus medullaris
44
Where does the spinal cord end
L1-L2
45
Sensory information travels in which direction
To the brain
46
Motor information travels in which direction
Away from the brain
47
Meninges
1) dura matter (outer) Encloses entire cord 2) arachnoid matter (middle) Spinal fluid circulation 3) pita matter (inner) Supplies blood/nutrients
48
Which space contains cerebral spinal fluid
Arachnoid matter
49
Epidural space
Runs between the dura matter and superficial ligamentum flavum
50
Subdural space
Between dura/arachnoid
51
Filum terminale
Extension of the pia matter, extends inferiority and blends with the arachnoid and dura to anchor the spinal cord to the coccyx
52
Cuada equine
"Horses tail" roots of the lower spinal nerves that angle down alongside the filum terminale
53
3 steps to nervous tissue
1) a sensory function detects internal and external stimuli (detection) 2) interpretation is made (analysis) 3) a motor response occurs (reaction)
54
How do spinal nerves attach to the spinal cord
1) roots - two bundles of axons | 2) rootlets - s,alter bundles of axons
55
What is the dorsal root ganglion
Contains only sensory axons, conducts nerve impulses from sensory receptors; skin, muscles, internal organs to the central nervous systems
56
Location of a lumbar puncture
Between L3-L4
57
Epidural
Labor pain medication, placed between bones at posterior spine
58
Meningitis
Inflammation of the brain and spinal cord membranes
59
White matter
Consists of millions of myelinated nerve fibers
60
Gray matter
Decision making, de myelinated made up of dendrites and cell bodies
61
Tract
A bundle of neuronal axons located at a specific place all traveling to the same place
62
Naming of tracts
Spinalthalamic and corticospinal
63
Dermatome
An area of skin that is inneruated by a single spinal nerve indicated by the letters and a number of a particular segmental nerve
64
Transection
Ascending/descending tracts are partially/completely severed Base of skull = death, upper cervical = quadriplegic lower ='paralysis
65
Quadriplegia
Total body paralysis
66
Paraplegia
Partial body paralysis
67
Plexus
Formation of the segmental nerves to form a "brain rope"
68
Cervical plexus
Anterior branches of c1-c5 head neck diaphragm | Phrenic - arises from cervical to supply diaphragm (c3 c4 c5 keep them alive)
69
Brachial
Anterior branches c5-c8 t1 shoulder upper limbs Auxiliary (armpit) Radial/ulnar (lower arm) Median (wrist)
70
Lumbosacral
L1-L4 abdominal wall external genitalia, lower limbs Sciatic - L4-L5 s1-s4 sciatic nerve Femoral - lumbar plexus
71
Erbs palsy
Injury to brachial/peripheral nerves at birth, arm paralysis
72
Funny bone
Humerus
73
Carpal tunnel syndrome
Median nerve injury, repetitive motion issues
74
Reflex
Fast involuntary response to a stimulus
75
Patellar reflex
Leg extends in response to stretch of the patellar tendon
76
Achilles reflex
Contraction of the calf when force is applied to Achilles' tendon
77
Babinski reflex
Normal curl of the big toe when stimulated (downward)
78
Frontal lobe and executive functions
Associated with higher (executive) functions, self control, planning, reasoning, abstract thought
79
Blood supply
1) internal carotid arteries - supplies blood to brain (anterior) 2) vertebral arteries - supplies blood to brain (posterior) 3) internal jugular - venous return
80
Blood brain barrier
Serves to isolate the parenchyma from many substances in the blood that would normally be able to gain access
81
Ventricles
Internal cavities in the brain
82
Cerebrospinal fluid
A clear fluid that circulates through the internal cavities of the brain and spinal cord, flows over and around the brain in subarachnoid space
83
Cerebrospinal fluid is made from what cells
Ependymal cells
84
Cerebrospinal fluid is made where
Choroid plexus - network of capillaries that line ventricles
85
Hydrocephalus
Occurs when congenital abnormalities, head injury, meningitis, episodes of bleeding in the brain
86
3 parts of the brain stem
Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
87
Pyramids, function and location
E get all bulges, formed by the largest motor tracts in the body, left pyramid cross over to right, right to left, opposite hemispheres control opposite sides
88
Medulla oblongata functions
1) cardiovascular center - controls rate/force of heart beat, diameter of blood vessels 2) respiratory rhythmicity center - controls rate/rhythm of breathing 3) vomiting, coughing, sneezing centers
89
Pons functions
Help control breathing
90
Reticular foramen and RAS
A netlike arrangement of neuronal cell bodies and small bundles of myelinated axons RAS - maintains consciousness, prevents sensory overload by filtering out insignificant information
91
Cerebellum
Located ? Function - compares intended movements with what's happening, regulates posture, equilibrium, and balance
92
Diencephalon
Located near the midline of the brain 1) thalamus - relay station for all sensory impulses to cerebral cortex 2) epithalamus - superior/posterior to thalamus, pineal gland (melatonin) habenular nuclei (emotional responses to smell) 3) hypothalamus - controls many homeostasis functions, controls ANS coordinate between NS/endocrine systems, controls body temp, hunger/thirst, internal circadian rhythm
93
What gland is attached to the hypothalamus
Pituitary gland

Anatomy & Physiology 1 (10 decks)

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