Unit 2: Culture, Identity, and Socialisation

Question 1

ture

Norms/values

Answer 1

values - standards shared by memebers of a culture and used to judge whether behavious is wrong or right
norms - the behaviosu that societies expect of their members in particular situations

Question 2

Adolescence

Answer 2

the period of growing up between childhood and adulthood

Question 3

Adulthood

Answer 3

when an individual is accepted by their culture as a full member

Question 4

Age/age groups

Answer 4

age groups - ways in which people of the same or similar age share a staus and associated roles

Question 5

Agencies of Socialisation

Answer 5

institutions in which people are socialised

Question 6

Belief

Answer 6

statements that people hold to be true

Question 7

Child-centred

Answer 7

a society in which children are higlhy valued and a lot of time and effort are devoted to their well being

Question 8

Childhood

Answer 8

the period before adulthood, in which individuals are not granted full adult rights

Question 9

Coercion

Answer 9

the use or threat of force or violence

Question 10

Cultural Relativism

Answer 10

considering all cultures on their own terms rather than from a western point of view

Question 11

Culture

Answer 11

the way of life in a society

Question 12

Customs

Answer 12

norms in a particular society that are widely accepted and carry on over time

Question 13

Diversity

Answer 13

where there are many differences; cultural diversity refers ot the vast differences between human cultures

Question 14

Elderly

Answer 14

belonging ot the age group of those advanced in years

Question 15

Ethnic Minority

Answer 15

an ethnic group that is relatively small in number compared with the majority in a soicety and is seen as different

Question 16

Femininity/masculinity

Answer 16

masculinity - the expected behavious associated with being male
femininity - the expected behaviour associated with being female

Question 17

Feral Children

Answer 17

‘wild’ children who have not been socialised

Question 18

Gender/sex

Answer 18

gender - the roles and expectations associated with being male or female
sex - being male or female (based on biological indicators such as XX and XY chromosomes)

Question 19

Globalisation/global culture

Answer 19

globalisation - the complex process by which different cultures around the world are increasingly aware off, interact with, and influence each other
global culture - the idea that as a reulst of globalisation there is or will be a single culture shared by people all around the world

Question 20

Hidden Curriculum

Answer 20

what pupils learn in schools apart from the content of their lessons, such as the importance of following rules and the consequences of not doing so

Question 21

Imitation

Answer 21

young children learning by copying the behaviour of others

Question 22

Inadequate Socialisation

Answer 22

when socialisation is incomplete or ineffective

Question 23

Laws

Answer 23

rules that are given force by being formalised by governments

Question 24

Lifestyle

Answer 24

the typical way of life of an individual, group or culture

Question 25

Manipulation/canalisation

Answer 25

manipulation - how parents and other encourage some behaviour and discourage other behaviour canalisation - channeling children towards activites that are considered appropriate for them (for example, because of their gender)

Question 26

Multicultural Society

Answer 26

a society in which many different cultures or sub sultures exist alongside each other

Question 27

Nature/nurture

Answer 27

nature - the influence of biological factors on human behaviour in the nature/nurture debate nurture - the influence of society and culture on human behaviour in the nature/nurture debate

Question 28

Ostracism

Answer 28

excluding someone from the community or group

Question 29

Peer Group

Answer 29

peopel of the same status - for eg they are of the same age

Question 30

Peer Pressure

Answer 30

the influence that a peer group has to force to persuade its memebers to conform

Question 31

Primary Socialisation

Answer 31

the first and most important period of socialisation in which the individual learns the basic norms and behaviour fro mthe age of 0-5

Question 32

Rewards/sanctions

Answer 32

rewards - a positive sanction so that someone is praised or better off sanctions - ways of rewarding or punishing acceptable or unacceptabke behaviour, usually used in the sense of punishment (negative sanctions)

Question 33

Role

Answer 33

the patterns of behavious expected of someone because of their status in society

Question 34

Role Conflict

Answer 34

when someone finds that the demands of two or more of their roles clash with each other

Question 35

Role Modellng

Answer 35

acting as an example so that this behaviour is copied by others

Question 36

Secondary Socialisation

Answer 36

later socialisation; usually involving learning more specific norms for particular statuses and roles

Question 37

Social Class

Answer 37

a form of social stratification in which people are grouped at different levels in the social hierarchy, the most common of which are the upper, middle, working classes

Question 38

Social Conformity

Question 39

Social Construction

Answer 39

the idea that social situations and events are cosntructed - made - by societies: they do not exist in nature as independant things

Question 40

Social control/formal and informal

Answer 40

social control - ways in which memebers of society are made to conform to norms and values informal - excercised by individuals and groups that do not have any official power to do so - for eg peer groups formal - by someone who ahs authority over a situation - teacher, employer, or police officer

Question 41

Social Identity

Answer 41

individuals perception of themselves, based partly on ideas about how others see them

Question 42

Social Institutions

Answer 42

parts of society that have their own sets of norms and values such as the family and the school system

Question 43

Social Interaction

Answer 43

any situation in which two ro more people have social contact with each other

Question 44

Social order

Answer 44

the ways in which societies and their institutions remain stable over time

Question 45

Status (achieved/ascribed/master)

Answer 45

status - a position that someone has in a society; status can be ascribed - fixed at birth due to religion culture, socio economic conditions, it is given to you - or achieved - you earn ti yourself by your actions and merit - or master - the most important status you have that makes up most of your identity

Question 46

Stereotype

Answer 46

the attributes that peopel think (often wrongly) characterise a group

Question 47

Sub-culture

Answer 47

a group within a larger culture that has its own distinctive norms and values

Question 48

Value Consensus

Answer 48

general agreement with norms and social expectations

Question 49

Youth Sub-culture

Answer 49

a sub sulture of adolescents or young adults that is usually distinguishable by their style, dress, and musical preference

Question 50

Ethnicity/Race

Answer 50

ethnicity refers ot cultural differences such as language and religion as well as place of origin race refers to supposed biological differences between different groups of people