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Sociology > Unit 3: Social Inequality > Flashcards

Unit 3: Social Inequality Flashcards

Key Terms (67 cards)

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1
Q

Absolute Poverty

A

being without some or all the basic necessities of life
could be below the poverty line

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2
Q

Achieved Status

A

a status that individuals achieve throguh theri own effort

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3
Q

Age/Ageism

A

age is a form of stratification
ageism is prejudice or discrimination agaisnt someone because of their age

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4
Q

Apartheid

A

the stratification system in South Africa until 1994 based on keeping racial groups apart

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5
Q

Ascribed Status

A

a status given to individuals by their society or group over which they have little or no control
for eg status given at birth

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6
Q

Blue Collar Worker/White Collar Worker

A

blue - a manual worker, memeber of the working class
white - a non-manual worker, member of the working class

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7
Q

Bourgeoisie

A

the ruling or upper class in the marxist class theory

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8
Q

Capitalism

A

the economic system of most countries today based on private owenership on the means of production

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9
Q

Caste

A

a closed stratification system traditionally found in India

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10
Q

Civil Rights/human rights

A

civil rights protect the freedom of individuals - guarantees of equal social opportunities and protection under the law, regardless of race, religion, or other characteristics
human rights - are a wider category and include political rights
human rights are rights one acquires by being alive. Civil rights are rights that one obtains by being a legal member of a certain political state

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11
Q

Closed Society

A

a society in which mobility between different levels of stratification is not possible

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12
Q

Culture of Poverty

A

when poor people have a set of values that keep them in poverty

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13
Q

Cycle of Poverty

A

when overty tends to be inherited so the new generation cannot escape the poverty of their parents

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14
Q

Dependancy Culture

A

a set of values leading peopel to loose their ability to look after themselves so they become dependant for example on welfare benefits

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15
Q

Disability

A

covers a wide range of types of impairment in how the body functions in carrying out activites

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16
Q

Discrimination

A

when an individual or group suffers because of their characteristics for example being reufsed a job because you are of a specific ethnicity

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17
Q

Distribution of wealth/ redistribution of wealth

A

the way in which wealth is distributed
redistribution - advocated by marxists and others to achive greater equality by giving some of the wealth of the better off to those who are less wealthy

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18
Q

Domestic Labour

A

the work that has to be done within the home such as housework; understanding how domestic labour is divided in important for understanding gender inequality in fmailies

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19
Q

Elite

A

a privileged group at the top of a stratification systems

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20
Q

Embourgeoisement/proletarianisation

A

embourgeoisement - the theory that the higher levels of the worknig class are becoming middle class
proletarianisation - the theory that the lower levels of the middle class are becoming working class

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21
Q

Equal Oppurtunities

A

when all the same chances (for example, in applying for a job) regardless of differences such as age, gender, and social class

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22
Q

Fatalism

A

individuals belief that they cannot control what happens to them

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23
Q

Feminism

A

political movement and sociological perspective advocating equality of the sexes

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24
Q

Genedered division of labour

A
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25
Glass Ceiling/glass cliff
the unseen barrier that seems to prevent women from achieving the highest positions at work cliff - women were more likely to find themselves in high risk jobs here they were likely to fai lif they ever broke the glass ceiling
26
Immediate/deffered gratification
immediate gratification - choosing instant gratification rather than waiting for greater reward in the future deferred - being able to set long term goals - planning for the future
27
Income
the sum of earnings from work and other sources
28
industrial Societies
societies that use technology for mass production in contrast ot traditional societies
29
Institutional Racism
when the way that an organisation works has racist results, even when individuals do not intend this
30
Intergenerational Social Mobility
movement between classes in society from one generation to the next, so that wyhen a child grows up she is in a different class from her parents
31
Intragenerational Social Mobility
movement between classes in within one generation, so that an individual is born into one class and moves to another
32
Life Chances
the oppurtunities that people have to improve their lives
33
Lifestyle
the way of life of an individual, group, or culture
34
Market Situation
the economic position of a group of workers in relation to others
35
Marxism
a theoretical perspective that sees conflict between classes as the most important features of society
36
Meritocracy
a society in which individuals achieve the level that their talents and abilities deserve
37
Middle Class
professional and other non-manual workers, below the upper class and above the worknig class
38
Minority Ethnic Groups
a minority group with a distinct national or cultural tradition
39
Minority Groups
a category of people lacking power; can be based on factors such as religion, disability, or age
40
Occupational Structure
the hierarchy of occupatinos in a society
41
Open Society
a society in which it is possble to move easily from one class to another
42
Patriarchy
the dominance of men over women and children in society
43
Poverty Line
the level fo income below which people are judged to be in poverty
44
Poverty Trap
when poor people are unable ot escape from being poor
45
Power
the ability to influence other people's behaviour
46
Prejudice
an unexamined opinion that a group of people are inferior or different
47
Privileged Groups
groups enjoying higher status than others or material advantages
48
Professions/professional worker
professions - occupations that require specialised higher level education someone who works as a professional, such as a lawyer and a architect
49
Racism
prejudice or discriminatino against an individual or group because of their ethnicity or percieved race
50
Relative Poverty
being poor in relation/compared to others in the same society
51
Reserve Army of labour
people who are employed when an economy is booming or when they are needed, but then are out of work when not required
52
Scapegoating
when individuals or groups are blamed and soemtimes punished for osemthing which is not their fault
53
Skilled Worker/unskilled worker
workers who need skills acquired through training to perform their work unskilled - workers who need no or minimal training to perform their work
54
Slavery
a stratification system in which one group is treated as the legal property of another group
55
Social Class
a group of people having the same socio economic status for eg lower class, middle class, upper class
56
Social Exclusion
people who are unable to take part in the osicety in the same way as most people are excluded from social goods
57
Social Inequality
the inequality between groups in a stratification system for example in incoem and wealth
58
Social Mobility
the movement of individuals or groups from one class to another
59
Social Stratification
a hierarchy in which groups have different statuses and different levels of privilege
60
Status
a position that someone has in society
61
Traditional Societies
societies that are still predominantly agricultutural and have not yet become industrial
62
Underclass
a group below the working class that is effectively cut off from the rest of the society
63
Upper Class
the highest class in society that is wealthy enough not to need to work
64
Vertical and Horizontal segregation
vertical - occupying different levels within a hierarchy horizontal - differences in the number of people from different groups (such as the sexes) in different occupations
65
Wealth
money, savings and property that can be bought and sold to generate income
66
Welfare State
the way in which governments try to provide for less well off and reduce social inequality
67
Working class/new working class
new - the supposed new class formed by lower middle class workers merging with the tradtional working class

Sociology (5 decks)

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