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Biology Grade 11 > Unit 2: Evolution > Flashcards

Unit 2: Evolution Flashcards

1
Q

Catastrophism

A

The idea that catastophies periodically destroy species living in a region, allowing species from neighboring regions to repopulate the area.
- Georges Cuvier

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2
Q

Uniformitarianism

A

The theory that geological processes operated at the same rate in the past as they do today and that changes result from the action of continuous and uniform processes. Slow and unperceivable change. (gradualism)
- Charles Lyell

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3
Q

Mass Extinction

A

Over 50% of all species become extinct in a short time (usually about 2 years)

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4
Q

Fossil Record

A

Traces and remains of past life found in sedimantary rock.
- Shows species alive and history
- helful for finding ancestors of species

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5
Q

Mutable

A

Changing

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6
Q

Transitional Fossils and Trace Fossils

A

A fossil that shows links between groups of organisms and shares characteristics common to two now seperate species (links from past to present). Trace fossils are fossils of a trace of an animals but not the animal itself.

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7
Q

Vestigial Structure

A

A structure that is a reduced version of one functional in the organisms ancestors.

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8
Q

Biogeography

A

The study of past and present geographical distribution of species populations.

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9
Q

homologous Structures

A
  • different funtion
  • same structure
  • common ancestor
    (evidence of divergent evolution)
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10
Q

Divergent Evolution

A

Species with a common ancestor change to become more different over time.

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11
Q

Convergent Evolution

A

Species with no ancestral similarities changing to develope similar characteristics.

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12
Q

Analagous Structures

A
  • same function
  • different structure
  • no common ancestor
    (evidence of convergent evolution)
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13
Q

Microevolution

A

Changes in characteristics within a species (smaller changes). Changes in allele frequency.

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14
Q

Macroevolution

A

Evolution that creates a new species (large changes).

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15
Q

Adaptation

A

A change where a species becomes better suited to its environment.

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16
Q

Species and “the species problem”

A

A group of similar individuals capable of exchanging genes. The species problem in the debate over how to define the word species and how to identify species.

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17
Q

Mutation

A

A random alteration in the nucleic acis (structure of genes) causing a variant form which may be passed to future generations.

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18
Q

Variations

A

Every individual is not the same as every other individual.

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19
Q

Background Extinction

A

Species going extinct based on non human factors at a normal rate.

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20
Q

Selective Advantage

A

Any characteristic which gives an organism a greater chance of survival.

21
Q

Selective Pressures

A

Environmental conditions which select for certain characteristics of an individual and select against others.

22
Q

Fitness

A

An organisms ability to survive and reproduce offspring which will survive and reproduce.

23
Q

Natural Selection

A

The process where charateristics of a population change over generations due to organisms with heritable traits surviving and passing on these traits to their offspring.

24
Q

Allele

A

A version of a gene. A variation in a sequence in a gene.

25
Q

Allele Frequency

A

The precent of a specific trait in a certain population. Changes in allele fruency is microevolution.

26
Q

Adaptive Advantage

A

A favourable trait for a particular environment.

27
Q

Stabalizing Selection

A

Natural selection that favours the middle ground phenotypes (not extremes). Medium length flowers.

28
Q

Directional Selection

A

Natural selection which favors one extreme phenotype. Long OR short length flowers. (selective pressure).

29
Q

Disruptive/diversifying Selection

A

Natural selection which favors both extremes. Long AND short length flowers.

30
Q

Sexual Selection

A

Natural selection for mating based on competition between males and choices made by females.

31
Q

5 Fingers of Evolution

A

Thumb - Natural selection
Pointer - Gene flow/ genetic drift
Middle - Mutation
Ring - Non-random mating
Pinky - Small populaton size

32
Q

5 Fingers - Natural selection

A

Thumb - The idea that characteristics of a population change over time. Some alleles live and some don’t which changes allele frequency.

33
Q

5 Fingers - Gene flow/genetic drift

A

Pointer - Gene flow is the movement of alleles from one population to another due to migration. This can cause new alleles in a population.
Genetic drift is the random change in genetic variation. This changes allele frequency. Affects small populations more as one random mutation is a larger part of the population.

34
Q

5 Fingers - Mutation

A

Middle - The randomly produced changes caused by changes in the nucleic acid in an individuals genes that can cause new phenotypes and traits. Mutation can change allele frequency.

35
Q

5 Fingers - Non-random mating

A

Ring - Mating based off of particular phenotypes. Does not affect allele frequency but increases the amount of paired individuals with shared alleles.

36
Q

Absolute Dating

A

The actual age of a fossil estimated by the rates of radioactive decay.

37
Q

Relative Dating

A

The age estimated by a fossils position in the sediment.

38
Q

Founders Affect

A

Individuals of a species go off in a small group and create a new isolated population.

39
Q

Bottleneck Affect

A

Population is rapidly decreased which reduces genetic variation and diversity.

40
Q

Machanisms of Evolution

A

Pre-zygotic:
- Behavioral - Mating
- Ecological - Seperated geologically
- Mechanical - Structural reproductive differences
- Gametic - Gamates fail to fertalize
- Temporal - Timing differences
Post-zygotic:
- Zygote mortality - zygote is not viable
- Hybrid inviability - offspring is weak and often dies
- Hybrid infertility - Offspring lives but can not reproduce

41
Q

Types of Speciation

A

Allopatric Speciation - Populations are split up and isolated

Sympatric Speciation - Variation within characteristics causing diversion

42
Q

Buffon

A

Life is mutable - earth is over 6000 years olf

43
Q

Evidence for Darwins Ideas

A
  • Fossils
  • Homologous structures
  • embryology
  • biogeographic distribution
44
Q

Anning

A

Helped discover the first specimens of an ickthyosaur and plesiosaur. Highly skilled paleantologist.

45
Q

Lyell

A
  • Uniformitarianism - gradualism, slow and inperceivable change.
46
Q

Malthus

A

Carrying Capacity - species produce more offspring than the environment can sustain.

47
Q

Lamarck

A

Theory of Aquired Characteristics - Individuals of a species change in their lifespan and pass the aquired traits to their offspring.

48
Q

Curvier

A

Catastrophism - Catastrophies would occasionally come and destroy a regions population causing species from other regions to repopulate it.
Vertebrate paleantology

49
Q

Wallace

A

Had the same ideas as Darwin. Had the idea of natural selection.

Biology Grade 11 (3 decks)

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