Unit 2 Exam

Question 1

_____ is the catalyst for social change

Answer 1

deviance

Question 2

Deviance

Answer 2

to be different from what society says is appropriate

Question 3

sanctions

Answer 3

punishments for violating values/norms

Question 4

Formal sanctions

Answer 4

laws, written and enforced by authority

Question 5

informal sanctions

Answer 5

enforced by other people, seen as wrong

Question 6

stigma

Answer 6

a negative label (informal)

Question 7

Sociologist that says deviance is a function

Answer 7

Emile Durkheim

Question 8

2 purposes of deviance as a function

Answer 8

boundary maintenance and defining deviance down

Question 9

boundary maintenance

Answer 9

deviance and punishment of deviance tells people what they aren’t supposed to do

Question 10

defining deviance down

Answer 10

something that is done so often that it is no longer considered deviance

Question 11

Sociologist that developed strain theory (functionalist)

Answer 11

Robert Merton

Question 12

strain theory

Answer 12

deviance comes from peoples inability to attain set goals

Question 13

conformist

Answer 13

go along with established goals and methods

Question 14

inovator

Answer 14

accept the goal, but will not or cannot do it by established methods (criminals, sports figures, celebrities)

Question 15

ritualist

Answer 15

give up on the goal, still go through the methods even though they know they wont succeed

Question 16

retreatist

Answer 16

give up on goal and method, drop out and don’t function

Question 17

rebel

Answer 17

wants to change the goal and change the method

Question 18

differential association

Answer 18

Edwin Sutherland - associating with different groups, learn different values, leads to deviance

Question 19

social learning theory

Answer 19

we can learn deviance not by listening, but through watching

Question 20

Labeling theory

Answer 20

Howard Becker- by labeling, you are affecting interaction, can be self fulfilling prophecy

Question 21

primary deviance

Answer 21

Edwin Lemert- most people commit, violating value or norm, usually get away with it, if you dont you are labelled and treated differently

Question 22

secondary deviance

Answer 22

Edwin Lemert- after you are labeled, still commit deviance, have accepted the label

Question 23

control theory

Answer 23

Edwin Lemert- we might do things considered wrong if the benefits outweigh negatives

Question 24

racialization

Answer 24

implying something is dealing with or is related to race, even though it is not

Question 25

ethnicity

Answer 25

differences in culture, differences in values and norms

Question 26

dejure segregation

Answer 26

segregation mandated by law

Question 27

defacto segregation

Answer 27

segregation by tradition

Question 28

Jim Crow laws

Answer 28

laws of segregation (separate but equal)

Question 29

anti misegenation

Answer 29

forbidding interracial marriage or any type of sexual interation

Question 30

One Drop Rule

Answer 30

if you were found to have one drop of “black blood” you were black and treated as such

Question 31

assimilation

Answer 31

become more like the dominant group

Question 32

amalgamation

Answer 32

“melting pot” taking all different races and ethnicities to create a new group

Question 33

pluralism

Answer 33

different groups living close to each other and keeping their culture

Question 34

genocide

Answer 34

state sponsored murder, committed by governments not by single individuals

Question 35

diaspora

Answer 35

when an ethnic group is relocated by force or otherwise

Question 36

cultural genocide

Answer 36

attempt to wipe out all traces of a culture

Question 37

social mobility

Answer 37

ability to move within a class system, can be upwards downward or horizontal

Question 38

horizontal social mobility

Answer 38

generations in the same social class

Question 39

stratification

Answer 39

structured inequality, has layers

Question 40

means of production

Answer 40

(Marx) owners have control and surplus value

Question 41

surplus value

Answer 41

(Marx) profit, where the money is, workers dont get profits

Question 42

class consciousness

Answer 42

(Marx) workers need to understand their position, work together and unionize to increase pay

Question 43

false consciousness

Answer 43

(Marx) not understanding your position, being a worker and siding with bosses instead of workers

Question 44

prestige

Answer 44

(Max Weber) social respect, certain jobs make navigating social situations easier, necessary for social mobility

Question 45

cultural capital

Answer 45

(Pierre Bourdoeu) when you use culture to your advantage or to accomplish something, things learned from environment

Question 46

Kingsley Davis and Wilbert Moore ideas

Answer 46

stratification necessary from functionalist perspective, people at bottom do necessary jobs, division of labor

Question 47

absolute poverty

Answer 47

do not have money for basic necessities, cannot afford food, shelter, clothing

Question 48

relative poverty

Answer 48

poverty that is relative to where you are, who you are around, poverty by comparison

Question 49

working poor

Answer 49

people who work jobs just to pay the bills, barely getting by

Question 50

feminization of poverty

Answer 50

women are the group with the most members living in absolute poverty globally, due to patriarchy

Question 51

democracy

Answer 51

ruled by the people, USA is representational democracy

Question 52

monarchy

Answer 52

power and ruling through tradition, family line retains power

Question 53

constitutional monarchy

Answer 53

ruling family is for show, current england, democracy in function

Question 54

dictatorship

Answer 54

power is taken and maintained through force and terror

Question 55

authority

Answer 55

legitimate power, power that is freely given and not taken by force, US system based on this

Question 56

citizens

Answer 56

people belonging to a country that have civil rights, political rights, and social rights

Question 57

civil rights

Answer 57

fairness under the law, right to a job and education

Question 58

political rights

Answer 58

right to vote and run for office

Question 59

social rights

Answer 59

right to have a life, family, prosper

Question 60

conflict theorist, power elite

Answer 60

C Wright Mills

Question 61

power elite

Answer 61

C Wright Mills, important decisions made by high ranking members of government, military, and business

Question 62

revolution

Answer 62

changing of a government through violence

Question 63

social movemrnts

Answer 63

organized collective action for change, protests, defying authority, meant to be non violent

Question 64

relative deprivation

Answer 64

(James Davis) if everyone is deprived, it brings people together

Question 65

when do social movements come about

Answer 65

(Davis) when a group is deprived and sees that others are not