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Principles of Sociology > Unit 1 Exam > Flashcards

Unit 1 Exam Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

sociology

A

using theories and explanation to explain human social behavior

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2
Q

the sociological imagination

A

(C Wright Mills) application of imaginative thought to asking and answering sociological questions, understanding the connection between society and individual

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3
Q

functionalism

A

everything in society has a purpose and function (human body)

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4
Q

manifest function

A

main function

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5
Q

latent function

A

secondary function

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6
Q

dysfunction

A

things don’t work

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7
Q

conflict perspective

A

emphasizes role of political and economic power and oppression as contributing to the existing social order

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8
Q

feminist theory

A

conflict specifically dealing with women and the inequalities and disadvantages they face

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9
Q

symbolic interaction

A

how people interact with each other, interaction based on symbols (bilingual, uniforms, tattoos, other cultures)

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10
Q

rational choice theory

A

any given situation we tend to do what is more of a positive or benefit to us personally

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11
Q

postmodernism

A

social construction of reality, everybody’s reality is different based on how they behave

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12
Q

Auguste Comte

A

founder of sociology, believed scientific methods could be applied to study human behavior and society

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13
Q

herbert spencer

A

believed development is natural outcome of individual achievement

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14
Q

Emile Durkheim theories

A

social facts, organic solidarity, mechanical solidarity, social constraints, division of labor, anomie

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15
Q

social facts

A

aspects of social life that shape our actions as individuals

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16
Q

organic solidarity

A

social cohesion that results from various parts of a society functioning as a whole

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17
Q

mechanical solidarity

A

people that do the same work have similar values

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18
Q

social constraint

A

conditioning influence on our behavior of the groups and societies of which we are members

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19
Q

division of labor

A

people doing different things (organic solidarity), causes problems but is necessary for advancement

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20
Q

anomie

A

lack of social structure, breakdown of social institutions, leads to deviance

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21
Q

Karl Marx theories

A

class struggle, materialistic conception of history

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22
Q

materialistic conception of history

A

according to which material, or economic, factors have a prime role in determining historical change

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23
Q

Max Weber

A

perspective, rationalization, understand and use of understanding when you interact with people, studied bureaucracy

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24
Q

rationalization

A

process by which modes of precise calculation and organization (including abstract rules) come to dominate the social world

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25
bureaucracy
organization marked by clear hierarchy and authority and existence of written rules of procedure staffed by full time salaried officials
26
WEB Debois
studied discrimination and how it affected families, dominant group and marginalized group, double consciousness
27
double consciousness
living your life using two social identities, two different cultural scripts
28
Harriet Martineau
focus on all aspects (political, religious, social institutions), analysis of society needed to include all of its members
29
George Herbert Mead
symbolic interactionism, studied extensively the use of symbols in society
30
symbolic interactionism
emphasizes the role of symbols and language as core elements of all human interaction
31
macro sociology
study of large scale groups, organizations, or social systems
32
micro sociology
study of human behavior in the context of face to face interaction
33
qualitative research
relies on personal and collective interviews, accounts, or observations of a person or situation
34
quantitative research
drawn on statistical data and often focuses on documenting trends, comparing subgroups, or exploring correlations
35
open ended survey questions
respondents may express their views in their own words, and researchers can ask more and probe into what the respondent thinks
36
closed ended survey questions
only a fixed range of responses possible (yes, no, don’t know, likely)
37
culture
everything that is man made
38
cultural universals
things that are the same everywhere
39
values
learned, powerful beliefs
40
norms
rules and behaviors that are appropriate in a given situation
41
linguistic relativity hypothesis
by Sapier and Whorf, words affect perception
42
ethnocentrism
judging a culture based on your own values
43
cultural relativism
not judging cultures but understanding them, looking through a natives lense
44
subculture
culture within a culture, can be tied to recreational activities or a job
45
counter culture
values are off base from your surroundings, feel out of place, often self segregated (Amish)
46
dominant ideology
primary shared ideas or beliefs in a population, connected closely with power
47
agents of socialization
family, education, peers, media, work
48
family socialization role
race, gender, ethnicity, right and wrong
49
education socialization role
reinforces societal values
50
peers socialization role
friends, mixed set of values
51
media socialization role
can be complete opposite from your own values (TV)
52
work socialization role
people spend more time at work than anywhere else, very influential
53
gender role
learned behavior, expectations of gender learned through agents of socialization
54
identity
who you think you are
55
social identity
who everybody else thinks you are
56
“I” stage of self
children, often care about only themselves
57
“Me” stage of self
understands that others interact with them, learns patience, i becomes me through family values and teaching, continues in education
58
the generalized/other personality
the expectations of society
59
social construction
something that is what society says it is, based on rules put down by society, constantly changing based on values and culture
60
Jean Piaget
studied cognitive development, stages of development
61
sensorimotor stage of development
infants, based on touch, tactile development
62
preoperational stage of development
children, start to understand language and symbols based role play
63
concrete operational stage of development
understand cause and effect, linear thought
64
formal operational stage of development
understand abstract thought
65
statuses
socially defined position, displays distinct patterns of behavior that members of a group follow
66
roles
socially defined expectations of an individual in a given status or social position
67
Goffman
studied the field of social interaction, dramaturgical theory, believed sociologists needed to concern themselves with seemingly trivial aspects of social behavior
68
dramaturgical theory
elements of human interaction are based on time, place, and audience
69
impression management
preparing for the presentation of ones social role
70
Edward T Hall
worked on nonverbal communication and study of personal space
71
Harold Garfinke
studied ethnomethodology
72
ethnomethodology
study of how people make sense of what others say and do in the course of day to day interaction
73
groups
collection of people who regularly interact with one another and share a sense of common identity
74
primary groups
characterized by intense emotional ties, face to face interaction, intimacy, and strong sense of commitments
75
secondary groups
groups characterized by large size and by impersonal, fleeting relationships
76
ingroups
groups toward which one feels partículas loyalty and respect, “we” belong
77
outgroups
groups toward which one feels antagonism and contempt “those people”
78
McDonaldization
(George Ritzer) prices by which the principles of the fast food restaurant are coming to dominate more and more sectors of american society as well as the rest of the world
79
George Simmel
studied group size, theorized about the impact of small groups on people’s behavior
80
Dyad
a group consisting of two persons
81
Triad
a group consisting of three persons
82
Solomon Asch
studied conformity, created conformity experiment with lines
83
conformity experiment
line experiment, showed that many people are willing to discount their own perceptions rather than buck group consensus
84
Stanley Milgram
studied obedience, experiments intended to show light on what happened in Nazi Germany during WWII
85
obedience experiment
where people were told to give others an electric shock when ordered by a scientist, over half obeyed up to maximum voltage, people will obey orders given by authority figures

Principles of Sociology (2 decks)

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