UNIT 2 EXAM TERMS Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
Robbers cave experiment
A
groups can be manipulated to hate each other
2
Q
milgrams obedience experiment
A
ordinary people without hostility or evil intent will compromise their morals to obey an authority figure
3
Q
attribution
A
how we explain another person’s behavior
4
Q
situational attribution
A
explaining behavior as a consequence of the current context and circumstances
5
Q
dispositional attributions
A
explaining behavior as a consequence of the person’s stable, enduring traits
6
Q
self serving bias
A
we attribute our successes to dispositional variables and our failures to situational variables
7
Q
actor-observer bias
A
we use situational variables to explain our own behavior while using dispositional behavior to explain the behavior of others
8
Q
stanford prison experiment
A
situational factors shape how others behave
9
Q
fundamental attribution error
A
tendency to overestimate the influence of personal characteristics and underestimate the influence of the situation
10
Q
just-world belief
A
assumptions that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people
11
Q
attitudes
A
positive or negative feelings, influenced by beliefs, that predispose our reactions to objects, people, and events
12
Q
foot in the door phenomenon
A
tendency to agree to a big request if youve already agreed to a small request
13
Q
cognitive dissonance
A
uncomfortable state that occurs when behavior and attitudes dont match
14
Q
persuasion
A
influencing one’s actions by changing their attitudes
15
Q
peripheral rout
A
uses attention grabbing cues to trigger speedy emotion based judgements
16
Q
central route
A
offers evidence and arguments that trigger careful thinking
17
Q
social norms
A
rules for expected and accepted behavior
18
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social contagion
A
natural tendency for humans to mirror each other
19
Q
conformity
A
adjusting our behavior or thinking to coincide with a group standard
20
Q
obedience
A
adjusting our behavior to comply with a demand issued by an authority figure
21
Q
normative social influence
A
influence resulting from a person’s desire to gain approval or avoid disapproval
22
Q
informational social influence
A
influence resulting from a person’s willingness to accept others opinions of reality
23
Q
groupthink
A
the desire for harmony in a decision making group overrides a realistic appraisal of alternatives
24
Q
social facilitation
A
in the presence of others, improved performance on simple or weal learned tasks, and worsened performance on difficult tasks
24
deindividuation
the loss of self awareness and self restraint occurring in group situation that foster arousal and anonymity
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social loafing
the tendency for people to exert less effort when working with a group
24
discrimination
unjustifiable negative behavior towards a group
25
prejudice
an unjustifiable and negative attitude toward a group
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ingroup bias
tendency to favor our own ingroup
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scapegoat theory
theory that prejudice offers an outlet by providing someone to blame
28
availability heuristic
tendency to overestimate the frequency of an event by how readily it comes to mind
29
health psychology
the application of psychological principles to promote health and well being
30
biopsychosocial model
a model of health that integrates the effect of biological, psychological, and social factors to understand health and illness
31
biological
genetic predisposition, exposure to microbes, brain and other nervous system development
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psychological
stress and coping strategies, health benefits
33
social
cultural influences, family relationships, social supports.
34
stress
process by which we percieve and respond to events that we appraise as threatening
35
catastrophes
large scale disasterss
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significant life changes
leaving home, death of a loved one, transitions
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daily hassles and social stress
acute and repetitive instances of stress
38
general adaptation syndrome
a consistent pattern of responses to stress that consists of three stages
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alarm stage
activation of the sympathetic nervous system to prepare for flight/fight
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resistance stage
when stressors are prolonged, attempt to adapt and cope as best as possible
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exhaustion stage
if stressors are severe and last long enough, reserves are depleted
42
sympathetic adrenal-medullary (SAM) system
hormones: epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine.
short lived arousal responses
43
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis
hormone: cortisol
long erm responses associated with chronic stress
44
direct effect of stress on health
chronic stress associated with disease
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indirect effect of stress on health
coping strategies such as smoking, drinking, drugs, and poor eating.
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type A
competitive, achievement oriented, aggressive, hostile, restless, impatient with others, unable to relax
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type B
noncompetitive, relaxed, easygoing, and accommodating
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problem-focused coping
a response to stress designed to address specific problems by finding solutions.
49
emotion focused coping
a response to stress that targets negative emotions arising from a situation
50
relationship focuesed coping
a response to stress designed to maintain and protect social relationships
51
positive psychology
emphasizes normal behavior and human strengths
52
PERMA model
Positive emotions, Engagement, Relationships, Meaning, Accomplishment
53
faith factor
phenomenon of religious activity being highly correlated with longer life
54
core idea
our intellectual progression reflects an unceasing struggle to make sense of our experiences
55
schemas
frameworks for organizing and interpreting information
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(updating schema) Assimilation
interpretation new experiences in the context of our existing schemas
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(updating schema)
Accommodation
adapting our current schemas to incorporate new information
58
4 stages of cognitive development
Jean Piaget
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Sensorimotor stage
(0-2 years) infants know the world mostly in terms of their sensory impressions and motor activities
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preoperational stage
(2-6/7 years)
child learns to use language but doesnt comprehend mental operations of concrete logic
61
concrete operational stage
(7-11 yrs)
children gain mental operations that enable them to think logically about concrete events
62
formal operational stage
(12-dead)
people think logically about abstract concepts
63
theory of mind
understanding of others's mental states, feelings, perceptions, thoughts
64
attachment
emotional tie with others, children seeking closeness to caregivers
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secure attachment
infants play happily and explore surrounding in mother's presence. become distressed when she leaves
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insecure attachment
infants do not explore, cling to mother, cry loudly when she leaves and stay upset or seem indifferent to her departure
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anxious attachment
constantly craving acceptance but remaining vigilant to signs of rejection
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avoidant attachment
people experience discomfort getting to close to others and maintain distance
69
adolescence
transitional period from childhood to adulthood
70
hyelin
fatty tissue that forms around axons to enable faster neurotransmission and better communication between brain regions
71
Levels of moral thinking
Kohlberg
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pre-conventional morality
before age 9. Self interest, obey rules to avoid punishment
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conventional morality
early adolescence. uphold laws and rules to gain social approval or maintain social order
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postconventional morality
adolescence and beyond. actions reflect belief in basic rights and self defined ethical principles
75
moral intuitions
emotional reactions
76
moral reasoning
logical approach to judgements
77
proximity
geographical nearness, friendships most powerful predictor
78
mere exposure effect
repeated exposure to novel stimuli increases our liking for them
79
physical attractiveness
physical appearance drives first impressions more than sincerity, intelligence, personality
80
similarity
friends/couples are more likely to share attitudes, beliefs, interests, age, religion, race, education, intelligence, etc.
81
Triangular Model of love
Sternberg. close relationships vary along dimensions of intimacy, passion, and commitment
82
intimacy
closeness or bonding, sharing personal facts and moments of life
83
passion
arousal and romance, infatuation directed toward a particular person, physically-driven
84
commitment
promise that you make to yourself to maintain the relationship over time
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romantic love
intimacy + passion; without commitment, this type of love fades quickly
86
companionate love
intimacy + commitment; deep friendships or family relationships
87
fatuous love
passion+commitment; intense relationship in which insufficient times has passed for the development of intimacy
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consummate love
intimacy+passion+commitment
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identity vs role confusion
refine a sense of self by testing roles and integrating them to form a single identity (teens into 20's)
90
intimacy vs isolation
form close relationships or feel socially isolated (20-40)
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generatively vs stagnation
discover a sense of contributing to the world (40-60s)
92
integrity vs despair
reflecting on lives, may feel a sense of satisfaction or failure (60-up)
93
equity
both partners receive in proportion to what they give
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self disclosure
revealing intimate details about oneself
95
positive support
considerate communication; postive interactions
96
parenting styles
described as a combination of how responsive and demanding parents are
97
authoritarian parenting style
coercive; impose rules and expect obedience. (children develop fewer social skills and lower self esteem)
98
permissive parenting style
unrestraining, make few demands, set few limits, use little punishment. (children are aggressive and immature)
99
neglectful parenting style
uninvolved, neither demanding or responsive. (children have poor academic and social outcomes)
100
authoritative parenting style
confrontative, demanding and responsive, exert control by setting rules but encourage open discussion and allow exceptions (children develop with highest results)
101
compensatory mechanisms
reorganization or neural networks to maintain performance in the face of neural decline
102
reminiscence bump
better recollection of events that occur during teens/twenties
103
personality
an individuals's characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
104
self
the center of the personality, organizer of our thoughts, feelings, actions
105
psychodynamic theories
theories that view personality with a focus on the unconcious mind and the importance of childhood experiences
106
humanistic theories
theories that view personality as a combination of specific patters of traits
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trait theories
theories that view personality as a combination of specific patters or traits
108
social-cognitive theories
a view of behavior as an interaction between people's traits and their social context
109
ID
unconscious energy that strives to satisfy basic sexual/aggressive desires
110
ego
partly conscious part of personality that mediates the desires of ID and superego
111
superego
partly conscious part of personality that represents internalized ideas and provides standards for judgement
112
defense mechanisms
tactics that reduce or redirect anxiety by distorting reality
113
repression
most basic defense, banishing anxiety-inducing thoughts and memories, motivated forgetting
114
projection
disguising one's own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
115
displacement
focusing unresolved sexual or aggressive impulses into a more acceptable activity
116
rationalization
offering self-justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for one's actions
117
freud's contributions
challenged our self-righteousness, exposed our self-protective defenses, reminded us for our potential for evil
118
feud's shortcomings
explanations of behavior are retrospective rather than predictive,
119
Thematic Apperception test (TAT)
projective test in which people express their inner feelings through stories they make up about ambiguous scenes
120
Rorschanch inkblot test
projective test that seeks to identify people's inner feelings by analyzing how they interpret 10 inkblots
121
Abraham Maslow
characteristics of self-actualization, studied healthy and creative people rather than clinical cases of troubled people
122
carl Rogers
people are basically good and are endowed with self-actualizing tendencies
123
unconditional positive regard
attitude of grace that values oneself and others even with the knowledge of their failures
124
genuineness
open to one's own feelings; transparent and self disclosing
125
empathy
share and mirror others' feelings and reflect their meanings
126
personality inventories
longform questionnaires with true/false or agree/disagree items desiged to gauge a wide range of feelings/behaviors
127
factor analysis
method for identifying traits; statistical procedure for identifying clusters of co-varying items on a personal inventory
128
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
most widely researched and clinically used of all personality tests; used in many contexts from diagnosing emotional disorders to job interviews
129
big five factors
considered to be the best approximation of basic trait dimensions. (openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism)
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openness
high: imaginative, prefers variety, independent
low: practical, prefers routine, conforming
131
conscientiousness
high: organized, careful, disciplined
low: disorganized, careless, impulsive
132
Extraversion
high: sociable, fun-loving, affectionate
low: retiring, sober, reserved
133
agreeableness
high: soft hearted, trusting, helpful
low: ruthless, suspicious, uncooperative
134
neuroticism
high: anxious, insecure, self pitying
low: calm, secure, self-satisfied
135
person-situation controversy:
quest for identifying genuine personality traits that persist over time and across situations
136
albert Bandura
emphasized the interaction of our traits with our situations
137
social component
we learn behaviors through conditioning or by observing and imitating others
138
cognitive component
what we think about a situation affects our resulting behavior
139
reciprocal determinism
the interacting influence of behavior, internal cognition, and the environment
140
spotlight effect
overestimating other's noticing and evaluation our appearance, performance, and blunders
141
self efficiacy
sence of competence on a task
142
self esteem
feelings of low/high self worth
143
dunning-kruger effect
ignorance of one's own incompetence
144
self-serving bias
a readiness to perceive ourselves favorably
145
narcissism
excessive self-love and self-absorption
146
subtly strategic
self-disparaging comments elicit reassurance from others
147
defensive self esteem
focuses on straining itself; respond to perceive threats of failure and criticism with anger/aggression.
148
secure self esteem
less contingent on external evaluations; authentic pride rooted in achievement and pursuit of satisfying relationships and quality of life.
