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Sports and health HL IB > Unit 2: Exercise physiology > Flashcards

Unit 2: Exercise physiology Flashcards

1
Q

Define the term pulmonary ventilation / breathing

A

Inflow and outflow of air between the atmosphere and the lungs

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2
Q

Define the term total lung capacity (TLC)

A

Volume of air in the lungs after a maximum inhalation

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3
Q

Define the term vital capacity (VC)

A

Maximum volume of air that can be exhaled after a maximum inhalation

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4
Q

Define the term tidal volume (TV)

A

Volume of air breathed in and out in any one breath

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5
Q

Define the term expiratory reserve volume (ERV)

A

Volume of air in excess of tidal volume that can be exhaled forcibly

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6
Q

Define the term inspiratory reserve volume (IRV)

A

Additional inspired air over and above tidal volume

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7
Q

Define the term residual volume (RV)

A

Volume of air still contained in the lungs after maximal exhalation

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8
Q

Outline and explain the functions of the conducting airways

A
  1. Low resistance pathway for airflow. → Due to the rings of the trachea, large diameter and smooth inner lining.
  2. Defense against chemicals and other harmful substances that are inhaled → Occurs in the nose and throat, where tiny hairs called cilia filter the air and trap particles that are present, stopping them from entering the lungs and causing infection.
  3. Warming and moistening the air → This occurs mainly in the nostrils.
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9
Q

Explain the mechanics of ventilation in the human lungs during inspiration

A
  1. The diaphragm contracts
  2. The external intercostal muscles and trapezius contract, pulling out
  3. The rib cage expands.
  4. This generates a decrease in the intrathoracic pressure, which allows for an increase in intrathoracic volume.
  5. Outside air flows in through the nasal cavity and the trachea.
  6. Air reaches the lungs.
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10
Q

Explain the mechanics of ventilation in the human lungs during expiration

A
  1. The diaphragm relaxes.
  2. The internal intercostal muscles and abdominus rectus contract, pulling down
  3. The rib cage contracts.
  4. This generates an increase in the intrathoracic pressure, which allows for a decrease in intrathoracic volume.
  5. Air comes out of the lungs.
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11
Q

What is inhalation?

A

Inflow of air

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12
Q

What is exhalation?

A

Outflow of air

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13
Q

Outline the role of hemoglobin in oxygen transportation

A

ROLE: The main role of hemoglobin is to carry 98.5% of the oxygen through the body.

WHY? Because oxygen is less soluble in the plasma, it attaches to hemoglobin, a complex protein, located inside a red blood cell. It binds to 4 molecules of oxygen when passing through the lung capillaries, and becomes oxyhemoglobin (HbO4)

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14
Q

What happens with the partial pressure in the alveoli during ventilation

A

The oxygen passes from a high partial pressure area (the alveoli) and diffuses into a low pressure area like the blood. While the carbon dioxide passes from a high partial pressure area (the capillary) into a low pressure area like the alveoli.

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15
Q

What is the purpose of heart chemoreceptors?

A

Specialized cells in charge of detecting changes in blood pH, so the body can maintain homeostasis for enzymes to work efficiently.

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16
Q

Which are the chemical factors that affect the nervous control of the ventilation rate?

A

Emotions, adrenaline, stress, drugs

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17
Q

State the composition of blood

A

55% of plasma
→ 98% water
→ 2% nutrients (hormones, gasses and waste products)

44% of erythrocytes

1% of leukocytes and platelets

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18
Q

What is the left ventricle in charge of?

A
  1. Rhythm of heart rate
  2. Increase STROKE VOLUME and CARDIAC OUTPUT
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19
Q

State some characteristics from the heart valves

A
  1. Barrier that prevents backflow, creates 1 direction system
  2. Sustained by papillary muscles and tendons that open and close during contraction and relaxation of ATRIA or VENTRICLES
  3. Allow chambers to fill before opening so that the most amount of blood can be pumped out efficiently
20
Q

How does the heart receive its own blood supply?

A

Through the coronary arteries surrounding the organ tissue

21
Q

What is heart rate?

A

Number of muscle contractions over a period of time, and it is measured in beats per minute (bpm)

22
Q

What is the difference between the extrinsic and intrinsic control of the heart?

A

Extrinsic: everything that control HR outside the heart
Intrinsic: receptor that control HR inside the heart, heart produces its own electricity

23
Q

What is an arrhythmia?

A

An inconsistent heart rhythm

24
Q

How does adrenaline affect the intrinsic control of the ♥ rate?

A

During exercise, adrenaline is secreted by the adrenal medulla, and it affects the SA node directly. Increasing the pulse, thus increasing heart rate.

25
Q

How does the sympathetic nervous system work?

A
  • Adrenaline is secreted to heighten alertness
  • Known as the fight or flight system
  • Increases heart rate
  • Bronchi dilate to allow more O2
  • Restricts blood flow to the digestive system, so more blood for heart and muscles
26
Q

Purpose of adrenaline in energy production

A

Breaks down glycogen and lipids

27
Q

Why does the sympathetic nerve increase heart rate and contractions?

A
  1. Increase oxygenation
  2. Increase blood pressure
28
Q

Outline the relationship between the pulmonary and systemic circulation

A

Pulmonary: Send blood to the lungs
1. Starts in right ventricle
2. Deoxygenated blood pumped out through the pulmonary artery, towards the lungs.
3. Gas exchange in the alveoli.
4. The oxygenated blood travels back through the right and left pulmonary veins into the left atrium.
5. Blood pushed into the left ventricle

Systemic: Send blood to the body system
1. Starts in the left ventricle
2. Oxygenated blood is strongly pumped out of the heart, through the aorta.
3. Spread the oxygen-rich blood into the capillaries of muscles tissues and organs such as the brain, kidneys, and liver.
4. Gas exchange will happen, where O2 will be traded to boost cellular respiration and the blood will take back waste products such as CO2.
5. Deoxygenated blood will travel back to the heart through the vena cava entering the blood to the right atrium.

29
Q

State the differences and similarities of the pulmonary and systemic circulation systems

A

Both: start at a ventricle and end in an atrium

Pulmonary:
- Short system
- Thinner walls
- Lower pressure needed

Systemic:
- Longer or complex system
- Thicker muscular walls
- High pressure need to assist blood to the many parts of the body that will produce cellular respiration.

30
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

Amount of blood ejected from the heart per beat

31
Q

What is cardiac output?

A

Amount of blood ejected from the heart per minute
CO= SV x HR

32
Q

What happens to cardiac output during immediate exercise?

A

It increases as heart rate and stroke volume increase

33
Q

Explain cardiovascular drift

A
  1. During exercise heat is a byproduct of the production of energy
  2. Plasma is lost to skin, then leaves through sweat
  3. Less plasma in the blood
  4. Increasing blood viscosity
  5. Reducing stroke volume and venous return
  6. Increased demand on heart rate to maintain a steady cardiac output
34
Q

What is venous return?

A

Amount of blood that returns to the heart per minute

35
Q

What is the purpose of the cardiovascular drift?

A

It is a response to dehydration

36
Q

Define the term systolic blood pressure

A

The force exerted by blood on arterial walls during ventricular contraction

37
Q

Define the term diastolic blood pressure

A

The force exerted by blood on arterial walls during ventricular relaxation

38
Q

Define the term blood pressure

A

Amount of force exerted against arterial walls

39
Q

Analyze systolic and diastolic blood pressure data at rest and during exercise

A

At rest:
Systolic pressure is slightly higher

During exercise:
Systolic pressure raises even more because heart rate and stroke volume increase, causing more ventricular contractions

40
Q

Discuss how systolic and diastolic blood pressure respond to dynamic and static exercise

A

Dynamic:
Systolic pressure increases a lot and diastolic just a bit

Static:
Both systolic and diastolic pressures increase even more than in dynamic because:
- Lower blood velocity –> higher pressure
- Longer muscle contracting on arteries –> higher pressure

41
Q

What happens to blood distribution during exercise and rest?

A

Rest: blood is evenly distributed throughout muscles, organs, brain, heart, skin, and bones

Exercise: blood is almost all redirected to the muscles

42
Q

Define what are dilate and vasoconstriction in arteries?

A

Dilate: increase in width of arteries
Vasoconstriction: reduce in width of arteries

43
Q

Describe the cardiovascular adaptations resulting from endurance exercise training

A
  1. Cardiac hypertrophy: stronger heart and thicker walls
  2. Increased left ventricular contraction force
  3. Increased stroke volume
  4. Lowering resting and exercising heart rate: more SV, means less HR to maintain CO
  5. Increased capillarization: deliver more oxygen
  6. Increase arteriovenous oxygen difference: more oxygen has diffused in the muscle tissue
44
Q

What is arteriovenous difference?

A

A measure of the amount of oxygen taken up from the blood by the tissues

45
Q

Explain maximal oxygen consumption

A

Also known as VO2MAX, is the amount of oxygen that the body can transport and use.

VO2MAX= cardiac output x arteriovenous difference

Higher VO2MAX: perform at higher intensity, for longer

46
Q

Discuss the variability of maximal oxygen consumption with different modes of exercise (cycling, running, arm ergometry)

A

Running: Requires the most O2 because it uses the most big major muscles

Cycling: Second that requires O2, because it uses only the leg big major muscles

Arm ergometry: Last that requires O2, because it uses only the arms big major muscles

47
Q

What is myoglobin?

A

A red protein containing hemoglobin, which carries and stores oxygen in muscle cells. It is structurally similar to a subunit of hemoglobin.

Sports and health HL IB (6 decks)

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