Unit 6: Measurement and evaluation of performance Flashcards
(47 cards)
What is Standard deviation?
Shows the reliability of data. It is the spread of data or variation of data around the mean. Lower SD shows that if it was repeated, similar data would be achieved, so reliable data.
What is a correlation?
To look at a relationship and how strong that relationship is
What is the difference between first and second SD?
First SD: takes on 68% of the values
Second SD: takes on 95% of the values
What is the coefficient of variation?
Percentage of standard deviation
CV= (SD/mean) x 100
What is t-test?
Mathematical calculation used to deduce the significance of the difference between two sets of data. It compares two sets of data and measures the amount of
overlap.
P Value:
<0.05 it is significant –> only 5% of overlapping of samples
>0.05 it is insignificant
Explain how the standard deviation is useful for comparing the means and the spread of data between two or more samples.
Small standard deviation: the data is clustered closely around the mean value.
Large standard deviation: a wider spread around the mean.
What is an unpaired and paired t-test?
Unpaired: different groups tested once –> to test for differences
Paired: same sample tested twice –> to test for changes
Outline the importance of specificity, accuracy, reliability, and validity with regard to fitness testing.
Specificity: specific for a certain sport
Accuracy: uses proper and accurate measuring instrument
Reliability: measure would produce the same result from one occasion to another –> depends on the variation of results (standard deviation)
Validity: if it measures what it claims to measure
Discuss the importance of STUDY DESIGN in the context of the sports, exercise and health sciences. [6]
- Control group: Sample not affected by the independent variable
- Randomization: Subjects should be randomly picked, isn’t altered to give the results you want.
- Placebo: A PSYCHOLOGICAL EFFECT –> looks real but won’t affect performance
- Blinding: unaware of the research question
- Double blinding: subjects and investigator assistant unaware of research question
- Statistical analysis: SD, CV, T-test, coefficient of correlation (R2)
Outline the importance of the Physical Activity Readiness Questionnaire (PAR-Q):
Measure the components necessary to undertake STRENUOUS physical activity
Definition of fitness
An individual’s physical ability to perform a specific activity
Distinguish between the concepts of health-related fitness and performance-related (skill-related) fitness.
Health-related fitness: ability to maintain health and perform activities of daily living
Performance-related fitness: physical ability to perform a certain sport
How can some components change from “performance-related” to “health-related”?
Some components of performance-related fitness
(agility, balance, coordination) could become
health-related for certain groups, such as the
elderly and those suffering from hypokinetic
diseases (insufficient movement).
Name the major components of fitness identified
Health-related fitness:
- body composition
- cardio-respiratory fitness (aerobic capacity)
- flexibility
- muscular endurance
- strength
Performance-related fitness:
- agility
- balance
- coordination
- power
- reaction time
- speed.
Outline the “health-related” component of fitness, BODY COMPOSITION:
Body composition: Proportion of an individual´s body mass that is made up of fat and fat free mass
- Fat Mass (FM): Essential fat around the organs and stored fat
- Fat free mass (FFM): Rest of the tissues that build the body mainly bone, muscle and also water.
Outline the “health-related” component of fitness, CARDIO-RESPIRATORY FITNESS:
Cardio-respiratory fitness: measuring the individual’s maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max), that is able to extract from the atmosphere, deliver it to the tissues and use it
–> What does it depend on? Respiratory, nervous, circulatory systems.
Outline the “health-related” component of fitness, FLEXIBILITY:
Flexibility: Ability to move through the full range of movement around a joint, which could be related to a genetic trait.
–> What does it depend on? The elasticity of ligaments, tendons, bones, and joints.
Outline the “health-related” component of fitness, MUSCULAR ENDURANCE:
Muscular endurance: ability of a muscle or group of muscles to maintain force or power
–> What does it depend on? Enzyme and substrate activity for energy production and the nervous system
Outline the “health-related” component of fitness, STRENGTH:
Strength: ability to generate force by a muscle or group of muscles
–> What does it depend on? Muscular and nervous system.
Outline and evaluate a variety of fitness tests for BODY COMPOSITION:
Body composition:
1. Body Mass Index:
–> WHAT IS IT? Estimated body fat.
–> FORMULA: mass (kg) / height2 (m2)
–> VALUES:
Underweight: 17- BMI
Healthy: 18-25 BMI
Overweight: 25+ BMI
Obesity: 30+ BMI
–> FIELD or LAB? lab
–> Accuracy: LOW
–> Reliability: NO, people shouldn’t only rely on this, but the answer given will be consistent.
–> Validity: NO, doesn’t complete information about body composition.
- Anthropometry:
–> WHAT IS IT? Measures body parts length / diameter
–> INSTRUMENT: Fat folding → body caliper → measure fat mass
–> FIELD or LAB? lab
–> Accuracy: LOW
–> Reliability: NO, people shouldn’t only rely on this, but the answer given will be consistent.
–> Validity: LOW - Underwater weighing:
–> WHAT IS IT? Measures fat free mass → measured by obtaining the difference of body weight in air and underwater
–> FIELD or LAB? lab
–> Accuracy: HIGH
–> Reliability: HIGH
–> Validity: HIGH
Outline and evaluate a variety of fitness tests for CARDIO-RESPIRATORY FITNESS:
Multi-stage bleep test:
–> WHAT IS IT? Continuous maximal test, which measures aerobic power in 20m shuttle runs, where the individual must reach the opposite end of the track before the next beep sounds. Time between each beep decreases by the minute, forcing runners to increase their speed, representing the increase in intensity.
–> FIELD or LAB? field
–> Accuracy: LOW
–> Reliability: LOW
–> Validity: LOW
Coopers 12 minute run:
–> WHAT IS IT? Run or walk as far as possible in a 12-minute period. Measure the maximum distance covered.
–> FIELD or LAB? field
–> Accuracy: LOW
–> Reliability: LOW
–> Validity: LOW
Harvard step test:
–> WHAT IS IT? Step up and down at a rate of 30 completed steps per minute (one second up, one second down) for 5 minutes or until exhaustion. Exhaustion is when they cannot maintain the stepping rate for 15 continuous seconds.
–> FIELD or LAB? field
–> Accuracy: LOW
–> Reliability: LOW
–> Validity: LOW
VO2MAX Lab test:
–> WHAT IS IT? Calculate VO2max by making you run as much as possible.
–> FIELD or LAB? lab
–> Accuracy: HIGH
–> Reliability: HIGH
–> Validity: HIGH
Outline and evaluate the fitness test for STRENGTH:
Hand-grip dynamometer:
–> WHAT IS IT? Measure the “maximum isometric strength” at the forearm. A person’s maximum capacity to exert a force with a voluntary isometric contraction.
–> FIELD or LAB? lab
–> Accuracy: HIGH
–> Reliability: MEDIUM
–> Validity: MEDIUM
Outline and evaluate the fitness test for FLEXIBILITY:
Sit and reach test:
–> WHAT IS IT? Measures extensibility of lower back and hamstring muscles.
–> FIELD or LAB? lab
–> Accuracy: HIGH
–> Reliability: MEDIUM
–> Validity: MEDIUM
