UNIT 2 FINAL TEST (Skeletal, movement, muscular)

Question 1

5 functions of the skeletal system

Answer 1

• Structure (bear the weight of the body, bind the framework)
• Protection (encircle essential organs - ribs, heart, lungs)
• Storage (minerals, fat in marrow)
• Manufacturine (make RBC and RBM)
• Movement (bones create the framework for motion)

Question 2

Flat bones

Answer 2

thin, curve, 2 layers of compact bone around spongy
- ex.) scapula, pelvis, skull, sternum

Question 3

Long bone

Answer 3

• longer than wide, mostly slender and cylyndiar
• ex.) femur, tibia, fibula, radius, phalanges, ribs

Question 4

Irregular bones

Answer 4

• odd shapes
• ex.) vertebrae, sacrum, coccyx

Question 5

Short bones

Answer 5

• cuboidal
• all spongy bone
• ex.) wrist, ankle

Question 6

Sesamoid bones

Answer 6

• bones free, floating in tendon
• kneecap/patella
  -hyioid
  -pisiform(2)
• incus(2)

Question 7

Spongy bone

Answer 7

• a lattice of trabeculae to protect from compression
• space filled with red bone marrow

Question 8

Compact bone

Answer 8

• osteons arranged in concentric circles called lamallae
• each osteons has a center (haversion canal)

Question 9

Medullary cavity

Answer 9

• main blood vessles
• marrow filled
• red = young
• yellow = old

Question 10

Yellow bone marrow

Answer 10

• storage of fat, minerals, and other nutrients

Question 11

Blood vessles

Answer 11

• provides blood supply to bone cells

Question 12

Epiphysis

Answer 12

• ends of long bone
• spongy bone

Question 13

Epithpysial line/plate

Answer 13

• layer that has inner cartilge to help with stability during growth

Question 14

Periostelium

Answer 14

• outer covering of connective tissue that attaches bone to the “next thing”

Question 15

Diaphysis

Answer 15

• long shaft of bone
• growth comes from epiphysis plate

Question 16

Articular cartalige

Answer 16

• covers the epiphysies
• allows for smooth movement of joints (Hyline)

Question 17

Trabeculae

Answer 17

• Calcified
• resist compression

Question 18

Osteon

Answer 18

• one entire unit
• long cylinders around haversion canal
• volkmannis canal runs perpendicular

Question 19

Caniculi

Answer 19

• connects bone cells and allows for nutrients and waste

Question 20

Lamelle

Answer 20

• concentric circles with ostones

Question 21

Osteocyte

Answer 21

Mature cell of bone - embedded in calcificated matrix

Question 22

Osteoblast

Answer 22

Bone forming cells - secrete the ground substance that becomes spongy bone

Question 23

Osteoclast

Answer 23

bone killing cells - breaks down bone for remodeling, growth, and repair

Question 24

Organic bone composition

Answer 24

-35%
- collagen fibers that provide flexibility and strength
- prevents bones from being constantly broken
- low collagen creates osteogenisis imperfecta (brittle bone syndrome)

Question 25

Inorganic bone composition

Answer 25

- 65% - mineral & crystalline salts made of hydroyparticles - provides strength and hardens - lack of hydroyparticles causes rickets

Question 26

1st step of bone healing

Answer 26

Hematoma forms - blood enters the wound - cells begin to die - phagocytes ingest dead bone cells and debris

Question 27

2nd step of bone healing

Answer 27

Callus forms - Blood vessles grow - cartalige forms to hold the bone together

Question 28

3rd step of bone healing

Answer 28

Callus Ossifies - spongy bone forms to replace the cartalige *takes time for osteoblast to travel*

Question 29

4th step of bone healing

Answer 29

Compact bone forms - osteoclasts form a larger medullary cativy - spongy bone is converted to compact bone *often visual bump is permanent*

Question 30

Functions of the muscular system

Answer 30

1.) produce movement - internal and whole body 2.) maintain posture 3.) take up space and move things, stabalize 4.) generates heat - shivering

Question 31

Characteristics of muscle tissue

Answer 31

1.) exitability - is the ability to respond to a stimuli 2.) contractability - ability to contract and shorten 3.) extensablilty - ability to elongate and lengthen 4.) elasticity - muscles have the ability to return to their original shape

Question 32

Skeletal muscle cells

Answer 32

- cylindrical - striated - multinucleated - voluntary (can vary in contraction speed from slow to very fast)

Question 33

Cardiac muscle cells

Answer 33

- branched - striated - multinucleated - involuntarly controlled - mostly slow and steady contractions (speeds up with exersice, fear, anxiety,etc.)

Question 34

Smooth

Answer 34

- arranged in uniform layers - non striated - uni nucleated - involuntarly controlled - slow contractions (sustained for long period of time)