Unit 2 Flash Cards
1
Q
2nd order for Semimembranosus M*
A
Origin: Ischial Tuberosity
Insertion: Posterior Surface of Medial Condyle of Tibia
Action Extends thigh and Flexes Leg
Innervation: Tibial Division of Sciatic N (L4-S1)
2
Q
2nd Order of Semitendinosus M*
A
Origin: Ischial Tuberosity
Insertion: Proximal Medial surface of Tibia
Action: Extends thigh and flexes leg
Innervation: Tibial division of sciatic N
3
Q
2nd Order of Tibialis Posterior M*
A
Origin: Fibula, tibia, and interosseus membrane
Insertion: Metatarsals II-IV, navicular bone, cuboid bone, all cuneiforms
Action: Plantarflexes foot; inverts foot
Innervation: Tibial Nerve
4
Q
2nd order of Adductor Longus M*
A
Origin: Pubis near Pubic Symphisis
Insertion: Linea Aspira of Femur
Action: Adducts thigh; flexes thigh
Innervation: Obturator N
5
Q
2nd order of Tibialis Anterior M*
A
Origin: Lateral Condyle and Proximal shaft of Tibia; Interosseus membrane
Insertion: Metatarsal I and 1st (medial) cuneiform
Action: Dorsiflexes foot; inverts foot
Innervation: Deep Fibular N
6
Q
2nd order of Fibularis Tertius M*
A
Origin: Anterior Distal surfac of fibula; interosseus membrane
Insertion: Base of metatarsal V (pinky toe)
Action: Dorsiflxes and weakly everts foot
Innervation: Deep Fibular N
7
Q
2nd order of Gastrocnemius
A
Origin: Superior posterior surfaces of lateral and medial condyles of femur
Insertion: Calcaneus (heel) via calcaneus tendon (Achilles)
Action: Flexes Leg; plantar flexes foot
Innervation: Tibial N
8
Q
2nd Order of Pectineus M*
A
Origin: Pectineal Line of Pubis
Insertion: Pectineal Line of Femur
Action: ADDucts thigh ; flexes thigh
Innervation: Femoral Nerve or Obturator N
9
Q
2nd Order of Gracilis M*
A
Origin: Inferior Ramus and Body of Pubis
Insertion: Linea Aspira of Femur
Action: Adducts thigh and flexes thigh; flexes leg
Innervation: Obturator Nerve
10
Q
2nd Order of Tensor Fascia Latae M*
A
Origin: Iliac Crest and lateral surface of Anterior Superior Iliac Spine (ASIS)
Insertion: Iliotibial Band (IT Band)
Action: Abducts thigh; medially rotates thigh
Innervation: Superior Gluteal Nerve
11
Q
2nd Order of Rectus Femoris M *
A
Origin: Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine
Insertion: Quadriceps Tendon to patella and patellar ligament to tibial tuberosity
Action: Extends leg; flexes thigh
Innervation: Femoral Nerve
12
Q
Muscles in the Anterior Compartment of the thigh
A
Quadriceps Femoris MM Rectus Femoris M Vastus Lateralis M Vastus Medialis M Vastus Intermedius M
Sartorius M
Iliopsoas M
13
Q
Lateral Compartment of the thigh
A
Tensor Fascia Latae M Iliotibial Tract (or Band)
14
Q
Adductor (Medial) compartment of the thigh
A
Addctor Brevis M Adductor Longus M Adductor Magnus M (adductor and hamstring parts) Gracilis M Pectineus M Obturator N
15
Q
What structures lie within the Femoral Triangle?
A
Femoral Nerve
Femoral Artery
Femoral Vein
16
Q
Posterior Thigh Structures
A
Biceps Femoris M (Short and Long Heads)
Semitendinosus M
Semimembranosus M
Sciatic N
17
Q
Popliteal Region (Popliteal Fossa)
A
Popliteal A and V
Tibial N
Common Fibular N
Superior Medial Genicular Artery and Nerve
Superior Lateral Genicular Artery and Nerve
Inferior Medial Genicular Artery and Nerve
Inferior Lateral Genicular Artery and Nerv
Lateral Sural Cutaneous Nerve
Medial Sural Cutaneous nerve
Sural Nerve (Lateral and Medial Merge)
18
Q
Anterior Compartment of the Leg
A
Tibialis Anterior M Fibularis Tertius M Extensor Hallucis Longus M Extensor Digitorum Longus M Deep Fibular N Anterior Tibial A & V Saphenous N Pes Ansernus
19
Q
Lateral Compartment of the Leg
A
Fibularis Longus M
Fibularis Brevis M
Superficial Fibular N
20
Q
Posterior Compartment of the leg (Superficial)
A
Triceps Surae MM Gastrocnemius M (Medial and Lateral Heads) Soleus M Plantarus M Small Saphenous V Achilles (or Calcaneal ) Tendon
21
Q
Posterior Compartment of the leg (deep)
A
Popliteus M (Back of Knee) Flexor Digitorum Longus M Tibialis Posterior M Flexor Hallicus Longus M Posterior Tibial A&V Fibular A&V Tibial N
22
Q
Ankle section
A
Superior Extensor Retinaculum ( Holds tendons)
Inferior Extensor Retinaculum (Holds tendons)
Deltoid Ligament
Lateral Ligament
Achilles Tendon
23
Q
Dorsal Foot Section
A
Extensor Digitorum Brevis M Extensor Hallucis Brevis M Dorsalis Pedis Artery Arcuate Artery (Creates an Arc with Dorsalis Pedis) Dorsal Venous Arch Deep Fibular N Dorsal Interossei MM
24
Q
Plantar Foot Section (Layer 1)
A
Plantar Aponeurosis
Flexor Digitorum Brevis M
Adductor Digiti Minimi M
Adductor Hallucis M
25
Plantar Foot Layer 2
```
Flexor digitorum longus TT
Flexor Hallucis Longus T
Quadratus Plantae M
Medial Plantar A N V
Lateral Plantar A N V
Lumbrical MM
```
26
Plantar Foot Layer 3
Adductor Hallucis M (Oblique and Transverse Heads)
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis M
Flexor Hallucis Brevis M
27
Special Knee Dissection
```
Quadriceps Femoris Tendon
Patella (KneeCap)
Patellar Ligament
Anterior and Posterior Cruciate Ligaments
Medial and Lateral Menisci
Fibular or Lateral Collateral Ligament
Tibial or medial collateral ligament
```
28
Tarsal Bones
```
Calcaneus (Heel Bone)
Talus (Head, Neck, Trochlea)
Navicular
Cuboid
Medial, Intermediate, and Lateral Cuneiforms
```
29
"Mixed" Nerves contain
Sensory and Motor Neurons
30
Sensory Nerves Innervate
Areas of the skin which give sensation
31
Functions of Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Body movement
Maintenance of posture
Temperature Regulation (Most Calories are burned here )
Storage and movement of Materials (Blood)
Support for Abdominal organs
32
Order of Skeletal Muscle Structural Organization
```
Muscle (Biggest)
Fascicles
Muscle Fibers (Muscle Cells)
Myofibrils (Found within a fibril)
Sarcomeres
Myofilaments (Proteins)
Actin and Myosin ( Smallest)
```
33
What are Myofibrils made of
Myofilaments Actin and Myosin
34
What are Muscle Fibers made of?
Myofibrils
35
Muscles are comprised of....?
Fascicles
36
Cell Membrane of a muscle Cell
Sarcolemma
37
Cytoplasm of a Muscle Cell
Sarcoplasm
38
How many Myofibrils does the sarcoplasm(Cytoplasm)
100-1,000 myofibrils
39
What has the ability to shorten, contracting the entire muscle cells
Myofibrils
40
What are Myofibrils made up of?
Sarcomeres
41
What is the difference between the two myofilaments?
Myosin is Thick
| Actin is Thin
42
What is composed of repeating groups of myofilaments?
Sarcomere
43
Thin Filaments (5nm)
Actin and associated proteins (troponin and Tropomyosin)
44
Thick Filaments (11nm)
Myosin
45
Functional Contractile Unit of a Skeletal Muscle Fiber
Sarcomere
46
A single set of think and thick filaments
Sarcomere
47
What causes skeletal muscle fibers to appear striated?
Organization of Thick and thin filaments (Sarcomere)
48
Dark "A" Bands in Muscle Tissue
Contain the entire myosin molecule and an overlapping portion of Actin
49
Light "I" Bands in Muscle Tissue
Contain Actin Filaments Only
50
What are the 3 concentric layers of connective tissue?
Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium
Deep and Superficial Fascia
51
What is the Endomysium of connective tissue?
The innermost layer that electrochemically insulates each muscle fiber (Surrounds it)
52
What is the Perimysium of connective tissue?
The tissue that surrounds fascicles (Dense, Irregular, Connective)
53
What is the Epimysium of connective tissue?
Surrounds the entire muscle (Dense, irregular, connective)
54
What layers of connective tissue join to make tendons
Epimysium and Perimysium
55
Tendons attach to.....
Bones
56
Deep and Superficial Fascia
Surround and separate muscles. Houses blood vessels and nerves.
Superficial is Aereolar connective
57
What merge at muscle ends to form tendons that attach muscle to bones?
Connective Tissue Layers;
Endomysium
Perimysium
Epimysium
58
What is an Aponeurosis?
A wide, flat tendon
59
What shape do tendons usually take?
Rope-Like
60
Origin of a Muscle
The articulating bone that does not move when the muscle contracts
61
Insertion of a muscle
The articulating bone that moves when the muscle contracts
62
What is an Anatomical Lever?
An elongate, rigid object that moves at a joint called a fulcrum
63
What are the 3 functions of anatomical levers?
Change the speed or distance of movement
Change direction of the applied force
Change the force strength
64
What is the first class of Anatomical Levers in the Human Body?
Fulcrum between resistance and effort (Head on neck).
Scissors, see-saw, Atlantoccipital joint
Head=Load
Force= muscles that extend, hyperextend, and flex the head
65
Anatomical Levers (Key)
Force=Effort=Muscles
Load=Weight=Resistance
Fulcrum=Joint=Pivot Point
66
What is the second class of Anatomical Levers in the Human Body?
Resistance is between Fulcrum and effort (ankle ) (uncommon)
Stand on Tiptoes
Metatarsal-Phalangeal joint
Load=weight of body
Force=gastrocnemius; soleus, and achilles tendon
67
What is the third class of Anatomical Levers in the Human Body?
Effort is between resistance and fulcrum
Elbow, knee, jaw (most inefficient)
Humerus-Ulna
Load=what's in the hand/hand
Force=Biceps Brachii
Fulcrmum= Humeroulnar joint
Temporomandibular joint (Jaw)
Joint: Fulcrum
Force: Mastitor Muscle
Load: Whatever you're biting
68
What chemical is released at all neuromuscular junctions?
AcetylCholine
69
How does muscle contraction begin?
When a motor neuron impulse action potential stimulates a muscle fiber by releasing a neurotransmitter (ACh) onto its surface
70
Where does a motor neuron come in lose proximity to a muscle fiber?
A Neuromuscular Junction
71
What is the expanded end of an axon terminal
Synaptic Knob
72
What are Synaptic Vesicles?
Tiny membranous sacs filled with a neurotransmitter (Usually AcetylCholine)
73
What part of the Sarcolemma meets the synaptic knob?
Motor End Plate
74
What is the Synaptic Cleft?
Space between the synaptic knob and the motor end plate (ridgy part f the sarcolemma) (Cell Membrane)
75
Motor Unit
One motor neuron and the connection of muscle cells ( fibers) it controlls
76
How many muscle cells does a motor unit have?
It can include a few muscle cells or up to several hundred
77
What principle applies to muscle contraction?
The all-or-nothing principle (When it starts, it cannot stop)
78
What type of motor control requires more motor units?
Fine motor control
79
Muscle Hypertrophy
An increase in muscle fiber size. Results from repetitive stimulation of muscle fibers (exercise). Myofibrils and myofilaments increase in number, but not muscle fiber
80
Muscle Atrophy
The opposite of hypertrophy. A reduction of a muscle's mass due to inefficient exercise
81
What are the 3 types of skeletal muscle fibers?
Slow, Intermediate, and fast
82
Slow Skeletal Muscle Fibers
Type I, Slow, Oxidative, Red
Low Metabolic rate. Don't fatigue quickly
Uses Aerobic respiration
Contains lots of myoglobin. Lots of mitochondria, endurance muscles
83
Intermediate Skeletal Muscle Fibers
Type IIa, Fast, aerobic, light, red
| Very rate, use aerobic respiration. Varying amounts of myoglobin
84
Fast Skeletal Muscle Fibers
Type IIb, fast, anaerobic, white), produces lactic acid. No myoglobin. Fatigues fast
85
How many types of muscle fibers does a single muscle fiber control?
A single motor unit controls only fibers of one type
86
What type of muscle fibers are densest in eye and hand muscles?
Fast Skeletal Muscles
87
What are the 4 types of fascicle patterns?
Circular (Orbicularis Oris M, Orbicularis Oculi MM)
Parallelled (Splenius Capitis M, Rectus Abdominus)
Convergent (Trapezius M, Latissimus Dorsi M)
Pennate
Unipennate (Extensor Digitorum longus M, Fibularis Tertius
Bipennate (Dorsal Interossei M, Rectus Femoris M)
Multipennate (Soleus M, Deltoid M)
88
What are the types of Pennate Fascicle Patterns
Unipennate (1/2 of a feather) (Most powerful)
Bipennate (Whole Feather)
Multipennate
89
How are muscles named?
```
Based on their:
Appearance
Location
Action
Origin
Orientation of fascicles
Unusual Features
```
90
How many bones does each lower limb contain?
```
At least 30
1 Femur
1 Patella (KneeCap) (Sesamoid)
1 Tibia , 1 Fibula
7 Tarsal Bones in the Ankle
5 Metatarsal Bones in the body of the foot
14 Phalanges in the toes
```
91
What does Sesamoid bone mean?
Little Bone
92
What is the longest, strongest, and heaviest bone in the body?
Femur
93
What part of the femur articulates with the pelvis at the acetabulum?
Femur @ (Acetabulofemoral joint)
94
Where do Hip and Thigh muscles insert on the Femur?
Greater and Lesser Trochanters
95
what are the Smooth, round surfaces that articulate with the tibial condyles and facets, forming the knee joint?
Medial and Lateral Condyles of the Femr
96
What bone in the leg is not weight-bearing
Fibula
97
What is the largest sesamoid bone in the body?
Patella (kneecap)
98
What tendon is the Patella found in?
Quadriceps Tendon
99
What is the largest surface of the Patella?
Lateral Articular Surface/Facet
100
What are the parts of the Patella?
Base, Apex, Lateral and Medial Articular Facets
101
What does it mean for sesamoid bones to be epigenetic?
They have potential to form, but don't have to
102
How are sesamoid bones formed?
Formed in Tendons, Due to compression, pulling, manual Labor, hand-intensive labor
103
What sesamoid bone forms in the Fibularis Longus Tendon?
Osperoneum
104
What sesamoid bone forms in the Tarsal Bone Tendons?
Ostrigonum
105
What are the 3 arches of the foot in Humans?
Medial Longitudinal Arch
Lateral Longitudinal Arch
Transverse
106
Plantigrade
Weighted Distribution through tarsals and Phalanges (Humans and Bears)
107
Digitigrade
Weight distributed through phalanges (Tiptoe)
108
How are the muscles of the lower limb arranged?
In compartments by deep Fascia (Dense, Irregular Connective)
Thigh: Tensor Fascia Latae T
Leg: Crural Fascia
109
What are the functions of muscle compartments?
Improves venous return of blood and localizes infections (Compression Socks)
110
What do muscles in the same compartment share?
Arterial supply and venous drainage (blood flow)
Innervation
One or more actions
111
What are the dense Fibrous tissues that hold sliding tendons in correct position?
Retinaculum(a)
112
What are the tissues in the Ankle which hold the tendons in place?
Superior and Inferior Extensor Retinacula(um)
113
Iliopsoas M
Made up of the Ilicus and Psoas Major Muscles (Deep to Sartorius)
Agonist of the Anterior thigh for hip flexing
Innervated by Femoral N
114
Sartorius M
Laterally rotates thigh and weakly flexes knee, Flexes thigh
115
Quadriceps Femoris MM (Muscle Group)
4 muscles which extend the leg at the knee. All 4 share and insert on the Quadriceps Tendon which contains the Patella (KneeCap)
116
Rectus Femoris M
Extends the Leg at the knee, Flexes thigh
| Originates on Anterior Inferior Iliac Spine (AIIS)
117
Vastus Medialis M
Originates on the femur. Extends the leg at the knee
118
Vastus Lateralis M
Originates on the femur. Extends the leg at the knee
119
Vastus Intermedius M
Originates on the femur. Extends the leg at the knee. Deep to Rectus Femoris
120
Medial Thigh (Adductor ) (Groin) Muscles MM
These muscles adduct the thigh and assist with flexion of the thigh (Synergists for flexion)
121
Which Adductor muscle is redundant and used for graafts for muscle replacement
Gracilis M
122
Which Adductor muscle has a lateral (hamstring) and medial (adductor) portion which is separated by a Hiatus?
Adductor Magnus M (Body 3 in Practical Exam)
123
What Artery dives to become the Popliteal Artery in the Adductor Hiatus
Femoral Artery
124
Which muscle is the agonist of Adduction?
Adductor Magnus M
125
What is the superficial ADDuctor muscle which forms part of the femoral triangle?
Adductor Longus M
126
What structures make up the Femoral Triangle?
Sartorius
Inguinal Line
Adductor Longus
127
Adductor Brevis M
Deep to Adductor Longus M, can be viewed Laterally
128
Pectineus
Anterior or Medial Thigh
May be innervated by Femoral N. or Obturator N
Flexes Hip
129
Lateral Thigh
```
Tensor Fascia Latae M
Iliotibial Tract(Band) IT Band
```
130
What muscle in the Lateral Thigh medially rotates the thigh and is enclosed within an Aponeurosis
Tensor Fascia Latae
131
What muscle shares the IT Tract (Band) with Tensor Fascia Latae?
Gluteus Macimus M
132
IT Band Syndrome
Tendonitis of the IT Tract/Band
Occurs from StairStepper/Running Bleachers
Pain is felt in the KneeCap
133
Posterior Thigh (Hamstring) Muscles MM
They extend the thigh and flex the leg. They are Antagonists to the quads.
All Originate at the Ischeal Tuberosity
All Innervated by the Sciatic N
134
Biceps Femoris M
Most Lateral Hamstring muscle (Little Toe Side)
Origin: Ischeal Tuberosity
Innervation: Sciatic N
Action: Extend the thigh and flex the leg
135
Semitendinosus
Origin: Ischeal Tuberosity
Innervation: Sciatic N
Action: Extend the thigh and flex the leg
Responsible for a little bit of medial rotation
136
Semimembranosus
Origin: Ischeal Tuberosity
Innervation: Sciatic N
Action: Extend the thigh and flex the leg
Responsible for a little bit of medial rotation
137
Extrinisic Muscles
muscles that arise outside of, but act on, the structure under consideration. For example, those muscles operating the hand but having fleshy bellies located in the forearm.
138
Muscles of the leg
Muscles that move the foot and toes are Crural, extrinsic muscles/
They Originate on the Fibula and Tibia
Their action is to move the toes
139
What are the 3 main compartments in the leg?
Anterior (Innervated by Deep Fibular N)
Lateral (Innervated by Superficial Fibular N)
Posterior (Innervated by the Tibial N)
140
Dorsiflexion
Moving the foot toward the head (Extension)
141
Anterior Leg Muscles
Muscles which Dorsiflex the Foot or Toes
- Extensor Hallucis M
- Extensor Digitorum Longus M
- Fibularis Tertius M
142
Extensor Hallucis M
Dorsiflex the Foot or Toes
| Inserts on Proximal Phalynx of big toe
143
Extensor Digitorum Longus
Dorsiflex the Foot or Toes
| Inserts on Toes 2-5
144
Which muscle in the Anterior Leg dorsiflexes the foot, everts the foot, and runs laterally along the foot.
Fibularis Tertius
145
Muscles of the Lateral Leg
Muscles which Evert the foot and are innervated by the Superficial Fibular Nerve
146
Fibularis Longus M
Tendon inserts on the base of Metatarsal I (Big Toe) and can sometimes have a sesamoid bone (Osperoneum)
147
Fibularis Brevis M
Deep to the Longus
| Inserts on the base of Metatarsal 5 (Little Toe)
148
Gastrocnemius M
```
Split into medial and lateral heads
Both insert on the femue
Action: Weakly flexes the knee
Means "Split Belly"
Plantarflex the foot at the ankle
```
149
Soleus M
Means Flat Fish
| Plantarflex the foot at the ankle
150
Muscles of the Posterior Leg
These muscles Plantarflex the foot at the ankle and share the Achilles (Calcaneal) tendon.
151
Plantaris M
Plantarflex the foot at the ankle
| Vestigial Structure with a tiny tendon
152
Flexor Digitorum Longus
(Toes 2-5) (Medial) Inserts on the distal Phalanges
153
Flexor Digitorum Longus
(Toes 2-5) (Medial) Inserts on the distal Phalanges
154
Flexor Hallucis Longus
Flexes Hallux (Big Toe)
155
Tibialis Posterior
Flexes and Inverts the foot
156
Popliteus
Weakly flexes the knee *Is on top of the knee
157
Vestigial Structures
Structures that have reduced size and function compared to an earlier poeriod in evulutionary history
158
Examples of Vestigial Structures
Hip bones of whales, the blind eyes of cave fish, snake legs (formerly Femurs)
159
Exaptation
Using a vestigial Structure for a different purpose than the original use.
Structure acquires a secondary structure
"Spurs on a snake"
160
Examples of Vestigial Structures in Humans
```
Vermiform Appendix
Wisdom Teeth
Coccyx
Erector Pilae Muscles
Ear Movers
Ribs 11 and 12
```
161
How are the Tibia and Fibula connected
Syndesmosis and Ligaments
162
Where do the Tibia and Fibula Articulate with the Talus of the Ankle?
Distal ends of the tibia and fibula articulate with the talus (a tarsal bone) of the ankle and have projections called medial and lateral malleoli.
163
How many Phalanges does each toe have?
```
There are 3 Phalanges iun tooes 2-5 (Proximal, middle, and Distal)
The Hallux (Big Toes) has only Proximal and Distal Phalanges
```
164
Which arch of the foot runs from heel to base of the big toe?
Medial Longitudinal Arch
165
Which Arch of the foor runs from Heel to base of Digit 5, but is not as high as the medial arch
Lateral Longitudinal Arch
166
Which Arch of the foot runs perpendicular to the long arches?
Transverse Arch
167
What maintains the Longitudinal Arches?
Plantar Ligaments and the Plantar Aponeurosis
168
What muscle in the Plantar foot has two heads that form a "7" ?
Adductor Hallucis M
169
What is the most Lateral Plantar Foot Muscle
Adductor Digiti Minimi M
170
What is the largest Synovial Joint in the body?
The Knee
171
What Ligaments prevent knee aBduction and AdDuction at full extension?
Lateral and Medial Collateral Ligaments
172
Which Ligament prevents Anterior Dislocation of the Tibia (ACL) and Posterior Dislocation (PCL)
Cruciate Ligaments
173
What test indicates an ACL Rupture
A Positive Anterior Drawer test
174
Menisci
Fibrous Cartilage that improve articulation between Femoral Condyles and facets of Tibial Condyles
175
What is an Unhappy Triad?
A Torn ACL, MCL, and Medial Meniscus (Lateral Blow to the Knee)
176
The Sliding Filament Theory
When a muscle contracts, thick and thin filaments slide past each other and the sarcomere shortens
177
What changes occur within a sarcomere during a muscle contraction
- The width of the "A" Band remains constant
- The H Zone Disappears
- The "I" Bands Narrow or Shorten in length
- The Z Discs in one sarcomere move closer together
- The sarcomere narrows or shortens in length
178
Enthesis
The point where a tendon connects to a bone
179
Osteophyte
Bone Spur (Chronic Inflammation)
180
Enthesopathy
Groin Pull (Ankles)
181
What are the 3 types of muscles
Skeletal
Cardiac
Smooth
182
How many muscles are in the body?
Over 700
183
What type of muscle tissue is in the Muscular system?
Skeletal Muscle
184
Where are Cardiac Muscle Fibers found?
In the heart and the base of the heart's largest vessels
185
What is a cardiac muscle cell?
Cardiocyte
186
Characteristics of Cardiac Muscles
- Striated
- Mono or Multinucleate
- Branched and woven in appearance
- Jointed to others by intercalated disks, which each contain numerous gap junctions and desmosomes
187
Gap Junction
are a specialized intercellular connection between a multitude of animal cell-types. They directly connect the cytoplasm of two cells, which allows various molecules, ions and electrical impulses to directly pass through a regulated gate between cells.
188
Desmosomes
```
Allows "give"
Support
Structure
Stretch
a structure by which two adjacent cells are attached, formed from protein plaques in the cell membranes linked by filaments.
```
189
Autorhythmic
Able to generate muscle impulses without stimulation from the nervous system (Myogenic Conduction)
190
How is the rate of Cardiac Muscle Contraction regulated?
By the Autonomic (Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system)
191
Sympathetic
Oh Shit
192
Parasympathetic
Resting
193
Smooth Muscle Fibers
Form the walls of some blood vessels, digestive tract organs, ducts, etc.
194
What is the structure of Smooth Muscle Fibers?
```
Cells are short and Fusiform with one nucleus
No Striations (No Sarcomeres)
Actin and Myosin are present
```
195
Dense Bodies (Smooth Muscle Fibers)
Within cells are attachment points for thick and thin protein filaments
196
Which system controls smooth muscles?
Autonomic Nervous System
197
How many layers are generally present in Smooth Muscle Tissue
2
198
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
An organ that contains Epithelial, Connective, muscular, and nervous tissue?
199
What is the structure of Skeletal Muscle Cells?
Heavily Striated
Multinucleate and unbranched
Often as long as the muscle they are part of
200
What are the four properties of muscle fibers?
Excitability
Contractibility
Elasticity
Extensibility
201
Excitability (Property of Muscle Fibers)
Outside Stimuli can initiate electrical charges (Action potential) in the muscle fibers, leading to contraction
202
Contractibility (Property of Muscle Fibers)
Stimulation leads to contraction (Shortening) of a muscle fiber
203
Elasticity
A muscle fiber's ability to return to its original length after a contraction
204
Extensibility
The ability of a non-contracted muscle fiber to be stretched past its relaxed length, (by opposing muscle tissue) Ex. The Triceps Accommodate the bicep when flexed
205
Name a structure INSIDE the femoral Triangle
Femoral A, N, V
206
What nerve is visible in the medial thigh compartment?
Obturator N
207
Name 2 Branches of the Deep Femoral Artery
Medial and Lateral Circumflex Femoral Artery
208
Name 2 Arteries that branch from the Popliteal Artery
Superior and Inferior Medial and Lateral Genicular Arteries
209
Name 2 Branches of the Sciatic Nerve in the Popliteal region
Tibial N, Common Fibular N
210
Name 1 Muscle found in the Anterior Compartment of the Thigh
Rectus Femoris M
Vastus Lateralis M
Vastus Medialis M
Vastus Intermedius M
211
Name 2 Muscles that form the calcaneal (Achilles) Tendon:
Medial and Lateral Gastrocnemius M
| Soleus M
212
What is the Large Superficial vessel in the posterior Leg?
Small Saphenous V
213
Name 1 Structure that makes up the Pes Ansernus
Sartorius T, Gracilis T, or Semitendinosus T
214
Name 2 Ligaments in the Ankle
Deltoid L and Lateral L
215
Name 1 Vessel found in the deep posterior Leg
Posterior Tibial AV, Fibular AV
216
Name 2 Muscles found in the Anterior leg
Tibialis Anterior M
| Fibularis Tertius M
217
Name the nerve found in the lateral leg:
Superficial Fibular N
218
What is the Pes Ansernus
Sartorius T, Gracilis T, and Semitendinosus T
