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Biology grade 11 > Unit 2 - Genetics > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Genetics Flashcards

(69 cards)

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1
Q

heredity

A

the passing of traits from parents to offspring

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2
Q

genetics

A

the branch of biology dealing with heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics

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3
Q

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

A

a molocule that carries genetic information in cells

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4
Q

gene

A

a segment of a DNA molecule that codes for a particular trait; found at a specific location on a chromosome

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5
Q

locus

A

the location of a gene on a chromosome

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6
Q

polyploid

A

having more that two sets of chromosomes; many plants are plyploids

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7
Q

asexual reproduction

A

the production of offspring from a single parent; the genetic makeup of the offspring is identical to that of the parent

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8
Q

sexual reproduction

A

the production of offspring from the fusion of two sex cells (usually from two different parents); the genetic makeup of the offspring is different from that of either parent

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9
Q

fragmentation

A

a method of asexual reproduction in which a piece or body fragment of the parent organism develops into a mature individual

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10
Q

mitosis

A

the process by which a eukaryotic cell divides the genetic material in its nucleus into two new identical nuclei

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11
Q

interphase

A

the portion of the cell cycle between mitotic divisions when the genetic material is duplicated

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12
Q

chromatin

A

the tangled strands of DNA and protein within a eukaryotic nucleus

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13
Q

sister chromatid

A

the identical copy of a single chromosome that remains attached to the original chromosome at the centromere

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14
Q

cytokinesis

A

the process in which a eukaryotic cell divides its cytoplasm into two new daughter cells

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15
Q

cloning

A

the process of producing one individual that is genetically identical to another, using a single cell or tissue

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16
Q

biotechnology

A

the use and modification of organisms for applications in engineering, industry, and medicine

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17
Q

genetically modified organism

A

an organism in which the genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering techniques

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18
Q

gamete

A

a sex cell; includes sperm cells in males and egg cells in females

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19
Q

fertilization

A

the formation of a zygote by the joining together, or fusion, of two gametes

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20
Q

zygote

A

a cell produced by the fusion of two gametes

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21
Q

meiosis

A

a two-stage cell division in which the resulting daughter cells have half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell; results in the formation of gametes or spores

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22
Q

homologous chromosomes

A

matching pairs of chromosomes, similar in size and carrying information for the same genes

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23
Q

tetrad

A

a pair of homologous chromosomes, each with two sister chromatids

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24
Q

synapsis

A

the physical pairing up of homologous chromosomes during prophase I of meiosis

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25
crossing over
the exchange of chromosome segments between homologous pairs during synapsis
26
gametogenesis
the production of gametes (sex cells) in animals
27
spermatogenesis
the production of mature sperm cells
28
oogenesis
the production of mature egg cells
29
karyotype
the chromosomes of an individual that have been sorted and arranged according to size and type
30
sex chromosomes
chromosomes that differ in males and females of the same species; the combination of sec chromosomes determines the sex of the offspring
31
autosomes
non-sex chromosomes
32
non - disjunction
the failure of homologous chromosomes to move to opposite poles of the cell during meiosis; results in an abnormal number of chromosomes in the daughter cells
33
trisomy
a chromosomal abnormality in which there are three homologous chromosomes in place of a homologous pair
34
monosomy
a chromosomal abnormality in which there is a single chromosome in place of a homologous pair
35
down syndrome
a chromosomal abnormality in which an individual has three copies of chromosome number 21; also referred to as trisomy 21
36
prenatal testing
testing for a genetic disorder that occurs prior to birth
37
maternal inheritance
a type of inheritance in which a sygote formed from two gametes inherits cytoplasmic DNA from only the female gamete
38
trait
particular version of a characteristic that is inherited, such as hair colour or blood type
39
hyrbid
the offspring of two different true-breeding plants
40
cross
the successful mating of two organiss from distinct genetic lines
41
law of segregation
the scientific law stating that 1) organisms inherit two copies of genes, one from each parent, and 2) organisms donate only one copy of each gene to their gametes because the genes separate during gamete formation
42
allele
a specific form of a gene
43
homozygous
an individual that carries two of the same alleles for a given characteristic
44
heterozygous
an individual that carries two different alleles for a given characteristic
45
genotype
the genetic makeup of an individual
46
phenotype
an individual's outward appearance with respect to a specific characteristic
47
dominant allele
the allele that, if present, is always expressed
48
recessive allele
the allele that is expressed only if it is not in the presence of the dominant allele, that is, if the individual is homozygous for the recessive allele
49
test cross
used to determine the genotype of an individual expressing a dominant trait
50
complete dominance
a situation where an allele will determine the phenotype, regardless of the presence of another allele
51
incomplete dominance
a situation where neither allele dominates the other and both have an influence on the individual (results in partial expression of both traits - blends)
52
codominance
a situation where both alleles are expressed fully to produce offspring with a third phenotype
53
pedigree
a diagram of an individual's ancestors used in human genetics to analyze the Mendelian inheritance of a certain trait; also used for selective breeding of plants and animals
54
autosomal inheritence
inheritence of alleles located on autosomal (non-sex) chromsomes
55
of chormosomes in humans
46
56
of PAIRS of chromosomes in humans
23
57
sex-linked
describes an allele that is found on one of the sex chromosomes (X or Y) and when passed on to offspring is expressed
58
X-linked
phenotypic expression of an allele that is found on the X chromosomes
59
Y-linked
phenotypic expression of an allele that is found on the Y chromosome
60
mutation
a change in the genetic code of an allele; the change may have a positive effect, a negative effect, or no effect
61
carrier testing
a genetic test that determines whether an individual is heterozygous for a given gene that results in a genetic disorder
62
genetic screening
tests used to identify the presence of a defective allele that leads to a genetic disorder
63
phenylketonuria (PKU)
an autosomal, recessive, inherited genetic disorder that results in the accumulation of phenylalanine in the tissues and blood
64
cystic fibrosis
causes the body to produce thick, sticky mucus that clogs the lungs and pancreatic duct
65
hemophilia
recessive allele that causes the body to be unable to form blood clots
66
Huntington's disease
dominant allele that causes progressive, irreversible degeneration of the nervous system
67
dihybrid cross
a cross that involves two genes, each consisting of heterozygous alleles
68
law of independent assortment
if genes are located on separate chromosomes, they will be inherited independently of one another
69
which abbot conducted extensive experiments mainly with pea plants in the 19th century, which led to our current understanding of genetics, and is known as "the father of genetics"?
Gregor Mendel

Biology grade 11 (2 decks)

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