Unit 2: Heart Flashcards
how are cardiac myocytes connected? discuss the cell junctions found
intercalated discs - work as syncytium
- gap junctions: allow rapid depolarisation
- desmosomes: stop separating of cells during contraction by binding filaments
- fascia adherens - anchor for actin
what is the name of the ligament that connects heart to diaphragm?
pericardiophrenic
what is the effect of parasympathetic innervation of the heart?
right vagus nerve innervates SA node - slows heart rate (negative chronotropy)
left vagus nerve innervates AV node - decreased conduction velocity (decreased slope of pacemaker potential so longer intervals between successive AP - longer to reach threshold)
what is the effect of sympathetic innervation of the heart?
increase heart rate - positive chronotropy
increase conduction velocity
increased force of contraction - positive inotropy
describe the durations of the cardiac cycle
atrial systole - 0.1s
ventricular systole - 0.3s
diastole - 0.4s
what occurs in atrial systole?
atria contract increase in ventricular volume
what two stages of ventricular systole?
isovolumetric contraction - AV closes but semilunar valves are not yet open - increased ventricular pressure
ejection - semilunar valves open -eject 2/3 of blood
what are the two stages of ventricular diastole?
isovolumetric relaxation - semilunar valves close
filling - AV valves open
what is end-diastolic volume?
volume of blood that fills ventricle before systole
what are the heart sounds associated with?
1st - lub closure of AV valve
2nd - dub - closure of semilunar valves
3rd - early diastole - rapid filling
4th - atrial contraction
what does dicrotic notch represent?
backflow of blood into ventricles after closure of valves
what do the ECG waves represent?
P - atrial depolarisation QRS complex - ventricular depolarisation Q - interventricular septum R -from apex of ventricle S - passing up towards atria (base) T - ventricular repolarisation (Of outermost cells)
how will 1st degree heart block appear on ECG?
prolonged PR intervals
how will 2nd degree heart block appear on ECG?
dropped beats (QRS)
how will 3rd degree heart block appear on ECG?
regular P and R waves but they are independent of each other
explain the electrical activity of the heart
depolarisation in SA node - wave spreads across cells and to left atrium via Bachmunn’s bundle so atria contract simultaneously
waves passes through internodal tracts to reach AV node - there is 0.1s delay to allow atria to fully contract so blood moves in co-ordinated way
AV node has slower conduction velocity because cells have smaller diameter and wave passes through bundle of His to purkinje fibres
purkinje fibres sends electrical signals to ventricular myocytes via gap junctions to allow ventricles to contract upwards
what is the pacemaker potential?
resting potential of SA node
- change in potential- funny current - slow current = gradual depolarisation by non-selective voltage-gated cation channel - HCN channel
how does sympathetic stimulation affect pacemaker potential?
slope more steep - threshold reached quicker - shorter intervals between successive AP
what happens to ECG with atrial fibrillation?
no defined P wave/ irregular RR intervals
describe the stages of ventricular action potential
0 - when cardiac myocytes hit threshold
1 - Potassium channels open voltage gated channels
2 - Balance of voltage gated potassium channels balanced by calcium channels = plateau
3 -Voltage gated potassium channels are open
4 - Baseline negative state - resting potential
what is considered tachycardia/ brachycardia?
tachy: >100
brachy: <100
what is frank starling relationship?
increase in stretch = increase in venous return - increase strength of contraction
(ensure output of ventricles closely matched)
what is haematocrit values?
ratio of volume of red blood cells: volume of blood
higher ratio - higher viscosity - more resistance - decreased blood flow
what is the biggest determinant of poiseulle’s law?
radius Q is proportional to r^4
