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Biology 30-1 > UNIT 2 introduction to reproduction lesson #1,2,4,5,7 > Flashcards

UNIT 2 introduction to reproduction lesson #1,2,4,5,7 Flashcards

1
Q

what is reproduction?

A

reproduction is the process where one or more organisms make more organisms of the same species. During the process, some or all of the DNA from the parents is replicated and passed on to the offspring.
- this process ensures the survival of the species

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2
Q

what is asexual reproduction?

A

in which a single organism separates into two or more equal or unequal parts
- single parent organisms produce offspring that are genetically identical to the parent.
- does not involve the fusion of gametes (reproductive cells) from two different individuals
-is typically faster and requires less energy but produces less genetic diversity

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3
Q

what are the types of asexual reproduction?

A
  1. fragmentation
  2. binary fission
  3. vegetative propagation
  4. budding
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4
Q

what is sexual reproduction?

A

two parent organisms that contribute to producing offspring
- fusion of gametes from two different individuals
- slower more energy
- fertilization and mitosis of gametes.
- greater genetic diversity, and causes evolution and adaption.

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5
Q

what is vegetative propagation?

A

A form of asexual reproduction in which plants produce genetically identical offshoots (clones) of themselves, which then develop into independent plants.
examples:
- plantlets(tiny plants) produced along a plants leaves

  • fallen leaves may give rise to entire plants

under ideal conditions in some plants

  • Runners/stolons–> thin, horizontal stems that produce roots and grow into new plants when they touch the ground (ex. strawberries)
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6
Q

what is binary fission?

A

A form of asexual reproduction in single-celled organisms by which one cell divides into two cells of the same size
examples:
amoeba, paramecium, bacteria

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7
Q

what is fragmentation?

A

Asexual reproduction in when a body part is lost and then regenerates into a new organism
examples:
Starfishes, turbellaria

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8
Q

what is budding?

A

a new individual grows on the parent and then separates
examples: yeast, hydra

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9
Q

what is the overall purpose of the design of the male reproductive system?

A

to produce the sex cell (gamete) called sperm and to deposit the sperm into the female

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10
Q

label the parts of the male reproductive system?

A
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11
Q

what is the function of the seminal vesicles

A

exocrine glands
-secretes fructose for sperm motility and prostaglandins (to guide sperm to correct fallopian tube in female)
two small glands that secrete a fluid rich in sugar that nourishes and helps sperm move

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12
Q

what is the vas deferens?

A

-conveys mature sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct during ejaculation
-the tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the urethra

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13
Q

what is the testes?

A

site of sperm autogenesis (sperm production ) and testosterone production, 2nd-degree sex traits
-produce sperm and testosterone

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14
Q

what is the urethra?

A

the tube leading from the urinary bladder to the outside of the body
- coveys semen out through the penis; also same structure uses to excrete urine from the urinary blatter, with only one system

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15
Q

what is the scrotum?

A

The external sac that contains the testes
- holds and helps to protect the testicles
- temperature control

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16
Q

Cowper’s gland?

A
  • exocrine gland
  • secretes mucus solution into the urethra to lubricate the passageway
    -Two bulbourethral glands, each approximately the size of a pea, which are located inferior to the prostate.
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17
Q

epididymis?

A

A long, coiled duct on the outside of the testis in which sperm mature.
- coiled tube attached to the outer edge of the testis to increase SA, and stores mature sperm, sperm leaves here only during ejaculation.

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18
Q

what is the prostate gland?

A

-exocrine gland
- secretes alkaline solution to neutralize acid conditions in the vagina
-A gland in males that contributes to the seminal fluid.

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19
Q

what is the penis?

A
  • consists of erectile tissue so can become erect during sexual arousal, organ of transfer of sperm from male to female
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20
Q

what is the ejaculatory duct?

A

are where vas deferens meet the urethra

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21
Q

what is the job of the head of the epididymis?

A

stores mature sperm for 2 weeks

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22
Q

what is the job of the seminiferous tubules?

A

site of spermatogenesis (production of sperm gamete cells)

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23
Q

remember this..

A
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24
Q

label the parts of a sperm cell

A
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25
Q

what is the collective function of the three reproductive glands?

A

-testes, prostate gland, and seminal vesicles
- to provide energy, a fluid medium, and protection for sperm to leave the male body and survive in the female body. The energy is supplied as sugar to allow sperm to survive for about 3 days on its own, the fluid medium is to give the sperm avenue to travel up the fallopian tube in the female, and the protection is to allow the sperm to survive acidic vagina

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26
Q

what is the process of removing the testes referred to as? under what condition would a doctor perform such an operation?

A

castration, medical purposes such as testicular cancer

27
Q

what is the significance of an erection in terms of fertilization?

A

must occur first for successful penetration
-parasympathetic NS responsible
-redirects blood flow to the penis so it becomes hard and erect

28
Q

what is the significance of ejaculation in terms of fertilization?

A
  • happens next when the man reaches an orgasm
  • sympathetic NS responsible
  • Causes muscles at the base of the penis to contract which expel the semen (sperm and secretions out of the penis)
29
Q

what is the significance of the sperm carrying in only an x and y chromosome not both?

A
  • a sperm cell can only have half the number of chromosomes as a normal body cell. Therefore it can only have one sex chromosome, X or Y not both. If it had both and fertilized an egg the offspring would not be genetically normal.
30
Q

distinguish between interstitial cells and Sertoli cells?

A

interstitial cells are OUTSIDE the seminiferous tubules whereas the Sertoli cells are INSIDE the seminiferous tubules
- interstitial cells are stimulated by LH whereas the Sertoli cells are stimulated by FSH
-interstitial cells secrete testosterone whereas the Sertoli cells help with spermatogenesis.

31
Q

state and explain two causes of low sperm count in males?

A
  • high temperature for prolonged periods of time i.e clothing, hot tub, etc.
  • environmental factors that affect the release of FSH.
32
Q

what is the negative feedback loop for the regulation of the matured male reproductive system?

A
33
Q

role of testosterone in maintaining 2nd-degree sex traits?

A
  • testosterone is the dominant sex hormone in males. Sex hormones in males are responsible for the male virilizing effect during male puberty: low voice, musculature, aggressiveness, body hair, body odour, less fat, narrow hips
34
Q

what is the negative feedback loop for testosterone in maintaining 2nd-degree sex traits?

A
35
Q

list symptoms of andropause

A

fatigue, depression, loss of muscle and bone mass and a drop in sperm production

36
Q

Describe the link between a man’s drop in testosterone and his body’s development of mammary tissue as he ages.

A
  • as age, testes degenerate, which lowers testosterone levels (losing interstitial cells)
  • hypothalamus reads this and turns on FSH/LH to stimulate testes to produce testosterone, testes don’t respond so FSH/LH levels rise
  • At some age, estrogen from the adrenals becomes the dominant sex hormone because the adrenals don’t degenerate at the same rate as the gonads.
37
Q

what is the result of anabolic steroids on the male reproductive system?

A
  • hyper concentrations of testosterone levels in the blood
  • hypogonadism
  • atrophy of testis
  • decrease in sperm production
  • breast formation in males when off the steroids is irreversible

hypothalamus shuts off which shuts off FSH/LH thereby shutting down gonad
- if testes not functioning this leads to atrophy, if testes atrophy this leads to decreased sperm production as you do not have the same amount of tissue present
- if testes degenerate so does the amount of testosterone produces. The adrenals still work and are producing both sex hormones. If the testes stop producing enough testosterone the adrenals become the main producer of sex hormones and estrogen amounts will be more than testosterone.

38
Q

label the anatomy of the female reproductive system sagittal view

A
39
Q

label the anatomy of the female reproductive system coronal view?

A
40
Q

what is the job of the ovary?

A

46-23 chromosomes
- 1 per month (alternative ovaries)
- produces estrogen and progesterone for female 2nd degree sex traits
- and the mature egg is known as the ovum

41
Q

difference between follicle and corpus luteum?

A

follicle houses maturing egg inside the ovary
- corpus luteum is a follicle without an egg.

42
Q

what are the fimbriae?

A

-capture the released egg after ovulation and bring this egg into the fallopian tube

43
Q

what is the fallopian tube?

A
  • site of fetilization
  • the fertilized egg is called a zygote
44
Q

what is the uterus?

A
  1. site of implantation of the fertilized egg on the endometrial lining of the uterus
  2. gestation- time for the fetus to develop fully
  3. partuition- giving birth to a fetus
45
Q

what is the cervix?

A
  • the barrier between the uterus and vagina; plugs up during pregnancy creating a sterile environment for the fetus.
46
Q

what is the vagina?

A

-repository for an erect penis
- birth canal during partuition
- menstrual flow when not pregnant

47
Q

flowchart of the structures an egg will travel through beginning with the ovary and ending with the structure where it will leave the female body as it did not get fertilized?

A
48
Q

the female reproductive system is designed for what?

A
  1. produce gametes
  2. allow fertilization
  3. prepare the body for pregnancy
49
Q

explain the female menstrual cycle and what it produces.

A

lasts 28 days
hormones regulate this cycle
GnRH, FSH, LH, estogen, and progesterone

50
Q

what are the four phases of the menstrual cycle

A
  1. menstrual phase
  2. follicular phase
  3. ovulatory phase
  4. luteal phase
51
Q

what happens during the menstrual phase?

A
  • days 1-7
  • bleeding as endometrium breaks down and leaves the body, through the vagina
  • all 5 hormones GnRH, FSH, LH, E+P are lowest
  • not feeling or behaving her best
52
Q

what happens during the follicular phase?

A

days 8-13
- GnRH (hypo)—> AP—->FSH—->ovary—->oogenesis of one follicle —->one egg maturing (46-23)
- follicle secretes estrogen
estrogen: 1. shuts off FSH in neg feedback
2. Gives women her 2nd-degree sex traits
3. thickens endometrial lining by redirecting blood to the uterus

53
Q

what happens during the ovulatory phase?

A

estrogen has (+) feedback on LH causing AP to release LH
- LH signals enzymes to rupture the ovary which signals ovulation has occurred
- follicle turns into corpus luteum (CL)
- GnRH —>AP—->LH—->Ovary—-> ovulation —>CL —-> Progesterone

54
Q

what is the luteal phase?

A
  • Corpus luteum secretes lots of p and E
  • high P:
    1. shits off LH in (-) in feedback
    2. Prevents uterine contractions so the fertilized egg can implant
55
Q

label the ovarian cycle diagram.

A
56
Q

remember/ understand

A
57
Q

what happens at the end of the 28-day cycle if you don’t get pregnant?

A
  1. corpus luteum degenerates
  2. E+P secretions decrease
  3. Uterus contracts, endometrium sheds; menstruation begins
  4. Menstrual phase begins again
58
Q

What happens at the end of the 28-day cycle if you do get pregnant?

A
  • HCG a hormone is released and only comes from a zygote (fertilized egg)
  • HCG maintains the corpus luteum until week 8 of the gestation period
  • E +P remains high after day 28 keeping the endometrial lining thick and continuing to prevent the uterus from contracting (allows the implanted egg to establish and grow)
59
Q

what happens during menopause?

A

the # of functioning follicles in the ovaries decreases with age
- leads to a gradual decline in the production of estrogen and progesterone
- reproductive cycle irregular to the point where she stops menstruating
- no longer fertilize

60
Q

definition of infectious disease?

A

any decrease caused by germs that can be spread from one person to another wither directly or indirectly

61
Q

what are the three main ways of spreading STIs

A
  1. sexual intercourse with an infected partner
    oral, vaginal, anal
  2. through infected blood sharing needles
  3. from infected mother to baby, only when giving birth
62
Q

what are the common viral STI’s

A

hepatitis, human papilloma, genital herpes, aids

63
Q

what are the common bacterial STI’s

A

chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis

64
Q
A

Biology 30-1 (11 decks)

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