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Microbiology (BIOL 286) > Unit 2--Lecture 8 (Fermentation and Respiration) > Flashcards

Unit 2--Lecture 8 (Fermentation and Respiration) Flashcards

1
Q

Regenerating NAD+

A

Glycolysis = 2 NADH

Entner-Doudoroff = 1 NADH & 1 NADPH

TCA = 4 NADH & 1 FADH2

Pentose Phosphate also regenerates reduced NAD(P)H molecules

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2
Q

Two main ways to regenerate NAD+

A

Organic: fermentation

Inorganic: Respiration

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3
Q

Fermentation

A

Organic

Performed by anaerobic microorganisms

Primary purpose: regenerate NAD

Secondary purpose: generate additional energy

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4
Q

Mixed Acid Fermentation

A

E. coli

Metabolic flexibility

Dumping electrons vs ATP generation

Produces acetate and ethanol

Some bacteria can do TCA backwards (gets rid of electron)

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5
Q

Redox Potential Energy

A

Best donors (least electronegative) at top

Best acceptors (most electronegative F/O) at bottom

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6
Q

Electron Transport Systems

A

Occurs on membranes

Inner membrane of bacteria/archaea (cytoplasmic membrane)

Inner membrane of mitochondria/chloroplasts

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7
Q

The Respiratory ETS

A

Electrons from NADH –> O2 release energy
—-requires intermediates
—-multiple steps

NADH Oxidase
Quinones
Cytochromes

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8
Q

Flavoproteins

A

Cofactor

FAD or FMN

Carry 2 protons, 2 electrons

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9
Q

Quinones

A

Isoprenoid lipids

UQ, MQ, PQ

Carry protons and electrons

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10
Q

Iron Sulfur Proteins

A

Electron carrier only

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11
Q

Cytochromes

A

Iron + heme

Electron carriers only

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12
Q

Mitochondrial Respiratory ETS

A

4 Complexes

I: e- from NADH to Coenzyme Q

II: e- from FADH2 to Coenzyme Q

III: Coenzyme Q to Cytochrome C

IV: Cytochrome C to O2 (aa3)

Driving protons out of cytoplasm

NADH = 10 H+ out
FADH2 = 6 H+ out

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13
Q

E. coli Respiratory ETS

A

NDH-1 pumps 4 protons and 2 electrons

NDH-2 pumps 0

Cytochrome bo pumps 1 proton and 1 electron

Cytochrome bd pumps 0

NDH-1 —> Q —> Cytochrome bo

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14
Q

Proton Motive Force (PMF)

A

PMF used directly for cell activities:

Creates ATP
—-ATP synthase at cell membrane

Drives flagellar rotation
—-motors at base of flagella

Pushes ions into, out of cell
—-Symport: same direction as proton movement
—-Antiport: opposite direction

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15
Q

Proton Potential Creates ATP

A

F1 F0 ATP synthase makes ATP

Protons enter the F0 subunit and cause it to rotate

F0 rotation drives the
F1 subunit shaft
Synthesizes ATP from ADP + Pi

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16
Q

KNOW FOR EXAM

A

ATPase: 3 H+ in = 1 ATP

NADH: 10 H+ out = 3 ATP
FADH2: 6 H+ out = 2 ATP

Glycolysis & Fermentation:

1 glucose
—> 2 lactose

2 ATP

Glycolysis & PDH & TCA

glucose
—> 2 pyruvate
2 NADH
2 ATP
—> A-CoA
2 CO2
2 NADH
—> 4 CO2
6 NADH
2 FADH2
2 ATP

Totals:
4 ATP
10 NADH = 30 ATP
2 FADH2 = 4 ATP
6 CO2
————————–
38 ATP (max)

17
Q

Anaerobic Respiration

A

Environment lacks oxygen

Use other terminal electron acceptors
—-nitrogen compounds
—-sulfur compounds
—-metals (manganese, iron)

18
Q

Lithotrophy

A

Many materials donate electrons if a better acceptor is present

Nitrogen
Sulfur
Iron (or even hydrogen)

19
Q

Methanogensis

A

Hydrogen donates electron

CO2 can accept electrons

High CO2 concentrations drive reaction

Important anaerobic reaction

20
Q

Phototrophy

A

Bacteriorhodopsin absorbs light

Excites electrons
Return to ground state
Releases energy
Generates proton gradient

Chlorophyll absorbs light
Different chlorophylls absorb wavelengths
Determines where an organism can grow
—-purple bacteria
—-green bacteria
—-cyanobacteria
—-plant chloroplasts

21
Q

Purple Bacteria/Reactions

A

Reactions:
—-ADP + Pi –> ATP in presence of light
—-Able to make tons of ATP
—-Still need to generate NADH
—-Bacteriochlorophyll is not a good enough donor, must use reverse electron transport

Light Harvesting:
—-Found in cell membrane
—-Bacteriochlorophyll-protein-carotenoid complex
—-Antennae complex closely associated with the reaction center
—-Cell membrane highly invaginated to increase surface area

22
Q

Green Sulfur ET, Reactions, Light Harvesting

A

Electron Transport:
—-reduce Fe/S centers
—-instead of quinones

Reactions:
—-no reverse electron transport
—-use inorganic sulfur
—-generate ATP and NADH
—-H2S + NAD + ADP + Pi –> S + NADH + H + ATP

Light Harvesting:
—-bacteriochlorophyll c, d, or e
—-protein and carotenoid
—-localized in chromosomes

23
Q

Oxygenic Photosynthesis

A

Plant-like photosynthetic apparatus

Alternatively, plants are bacteria-like

Performed by the cyanobacteria (formerly blue green algae)

Extremely important to life on earth

24
Q

Cyanobacteria and Algae

A

Found in the chloroplast or bacterial membrane

Two photosystems

Purple + Green

Non-cyclic electron flow

Water is oxidized to O2

Microbiology (BIOL 286) (36 decks)

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