Unit 2 Molecular Biology

Question 1

Components that make up carbohydrates

Answer 1

Hydrogen, Oxygen and Carbon

Question 2

Types of carbohydrates

Answer 2

Monosaccharides, Disaccharides and Polysaccharides

Question 3

Examples of monosaccharides

Answer 3

Glucose, Galactose, Fructose

Question 4

Examples of disaccharides

Answer 4

Maltose, Lactose, Sucrose

Question 5

Examples of polysaccharides

Answer 5

Cellulose, Glycogen, Starch

Question 6

Formation of a disaccharide

Answer 6

A disaccharide is made from condensation reactions between two monosacchrides. The bond that is formed is called glycosidic bond.

Question 7

Condensation reaction

Answer 7

A condensation reaction is a reaction that makes up disaccharides, polysaccharides - join molecules together. Water, H2O is the by product of the reaction.

Question 8

Structure of cellulose

Answer 8

Cellulose is a component of the cell wall in plants. It is straight(has no branches) , regular and has only 1-4 bonds. (meaning that the bonds are between carbon 1 and carbon 4) The subunit is beta glucose.

Question 9

Structure of glycogen

Answer 9

Glycogen is used as storage in animal cells. It has a branched structure. The 1-4 bonds make up the straights and the 1-6 bonds make up the branches. The subunit is alpha glucose.

Question 10

Two types of starch

Answer 10

Amylose and amylopectin

Question 11

Difference between alpha and beta glucose

Answer 11

They have the OH at different sides. Alpha has the carboxyl group on the same side above

Question 12

Structure of DNA

Answer 12

DNA, Deoxyribose Nucleic Acid, is made up of three components, the phosphate group, the nitrogenous base and the 5 carbon pentose sugar.

Question 13

Difference between DNA and RNA

Answer 13

DNA: double stranded, includes Thymine, longer
RNA: single stranded, includes Uracil, shorter, has the extra oxygen

Question 14

Thymine binds with…

Guanine binds with…

Answer 14

Adenine

Cytosine

Question 15

Name of the bonds between the bases are..

Answer 15

Hydrogen bonds

Question 16

Name of the bond between the phosphate groups are …

Answer 16

Phosphodiester bonds

Question 17

How many hydrogen bonds between Thymine and Adenine

Answer 17

two hydrogen bond

Question 18

Watson and Crick

Answer 18

The initial scientist who through trial and error identified the structure of DNA. (+ Rosalind Franklin who did the x-ray examining.)

Question 19

DNA replication

Answer 19

DNA replication is semi-conservative, which means in the two strands produced, half are new and half are old. There are three main steps, the breaking of hydrogen bonds, the aligning and making of hydrogen bonds, the making of phosphodiester bonds.

Question 20

DNA Helicase

Answer 20

DNA helicase breaks the hydrogen bonds between the bases, they “unzip” the DNA for replication

Question 21

DNA polymerase

Answer 21

DNA polymerase makes the bonds between the nucleotides, the phosphodiester bonds.

Question 22

PCR is..

Answer 22

the polymerase chain reaction, which is DNA replication done in lab conditions, the main difference is that instead of DNA helicase, high temperature is used to break the bonds. After cooling down, a primer is added to mark the start of the replication. Taq polymerase from bacteria is used to act as DNA polymerase, they have a high optimum temperature.

Question 23

Glucose + Glucose

Answer 23

Maltose

Question 24

Testing for reducing sugars - results turn from

Answer 24

Blue to Red using the Benedict’s reagent (This includes all monosacchrides and maltose.)

Question 25

Testing for non reducing sugars

Answer 25

They have to turned into reducing sugars via hydrolysis. (except maltose)

Question 26

Bonds between two monosacchrides is called

Answer 26

a glycosidic bond

Question 27

Formation of triglycerides

Answer 27

They are formed via condensation reactions between one glycerol and three fatty acids. The bonds are called ester bonds.

Question 28

Lipid vs. Carbohydrates (in terms of energy usage)

Answer 28

Lipids: harder to access, more energy in a gram, less soluble Carbohydrates: easier to access, less energy in a gram, more soluble.

Question 29

Carbon is stable because...

Answer 29

It can make four covalent bonds. It has the ability to form large, complex molecules.

Question 30

The three types of lipids are..

Answer 30

Triglycerides, Phospholipid and Steroids.

Question 31

Structure of phospholipids and steroids

Answer 31

Phospholipid - two fatty acid attached to glycerol, one phosphate group attached. Steroids - four fused hydrocarbon rings.

Question 32

Basic structure of amino acids(proteins)

Answer 32

An amine group (NH2) A carboxylic acid group (COOH) A hydrogen atom (H) A variable side chain (R)

Question 33

Hydrogen bonding (oxygen is slightly ... hydrogen is slightly ... )

Answer 33

Hydrogen bonding forms between water molecules, they form between the slightly negative oxygen and the slightly positive hydrogen.

Question 34

Differences between water and methane. (boiling and melting point, specific heat capacity, heat of vaporization and fusion.)

Answer 34

Water has higher everything mentioned (boiling, melting, etc.) than methane.