Unit 2 Notes Flashcards
(117 cards)
1
Q
What is an international economic migrant?
A
A person who moves voluntarily from one country to another to improve their standard of living.
2
Q
Which countries have the most net immigration?
A
USA, UK ,UAE.
3
Q
Which countries have the most net emigration?
A
Bangladesh, Mexico, Morocco.
4
Q
What are the push factors from poorer to wealthier nations?
A
War, Inequality, Deportation.
5
Q
What are the pull factors to wealthier nations?
A
Economic opportunity, language, colonial links.
6
Q
What is a Diaspora?
A
The movement and spreading of a large number of people from one part of the world to another, transferring their culture.
7
Q
Why has the UK experienced a diaspora of different people?
A
Due to the British Empire.
8
Q
How was the commonwealth established?
A
The London declaration 1949.
9
Q
What did the London declaration do?
A
It gave members of the commonwealth the right to migrate to the UK under the British Nationality Act 1948.
10
Q
What did the UK do for people of the commonwealth after the war?
A
Invited people from the commonwealth to join the workforce.
11
Q
What did the influx of migrants lead to?
A
The commonwealth immigrants act 1962.
12
Q
What did the commonwealth immigrants act 1962 mean?
A
Only those with permits to work could stay.
13
Q
What were the pull factors to Birmingham after the war?
A
Moving to a big city, RAF recruited heavily in the West Indies for pilots. 1948 Nationality Act - Gave commonwealth citizens free right of entry to the UK.
14
Q
What were the push factors from other commonwealth countries?
A
Many people went with the intention of going over, earning money, and returning. People were able to send money back to their family. Foundry/steel works.
15
Q
What is the Non-UK born population of the UK?
A
9.6 Million.
16
Q
What is the most common country of Non-UK birth?
A
India.
17
Q
What is the most common non-British nationality in the UK?
A
Polish.
18
Q
How many people of Eastern European origin are there in the UK?
A
1 million.
19
Q
When did Eastern European migration to the UK start?
A
2004, when 8 Eastern European countries joined the EU, and had freedom of movement.
20
Q
How many economic migrants moved to the UK from Eastern Europe between 2004-2007?
A
800,000. 500,000 were from Poland.
21
Q
When did the relationship between Britain and Poland start?
A
1939, after Britain declared war on Germany, due to the invasion of Poland.
22
Q
How many Polish people were living in England and Wales in 2011?
A
579,000.
23
Q
How many Poles were in the UK in 1931 and 1951?
A
40,000 in 1931. 160,000 in 1951.
24
Q
What has happened to the number of Poles working in the UK over time?
A
Went from 50,000 in 2004, to 650,000 in 2016. An initial rise after 2004, a downturn after 2008, rose again from 2013.
25
What are the main occupational groups polish workers in the UK?
Elementary occupations, Plant and machine operatives, skilled trade occupations.
26
What % of Polish occupations do the three main occupations make up?
60%.
27
What % of the Polish population are aged 30-34?
25%, compared to 6% of British People.
28
What % of Polish people are aged 5-9?
3%, compared to 6% of British People.
29
Which areas have the highest concentration of Polish workers?
London, Southampton, Birmingham, Devon, Liverpool, Leicester, Manchester, Leeds.
30
What are the UK social impacts of polish migration?
P - Positive impacts on food, more cultured. N - More overcrowding, true number of foreign people aren't being counted.
31
What are the UK economic impacts of migration?
P - Peterborough is one of the fastest growing local economies, foreign nationals work harder. N - Housing can become more expensive, as there is more demand.
32
What are the UK environmental impacts of migration?
Fly tipping can become more common, as people aren't always aware of social norms.
33
What are the UK political impacts of migration?
P - A negative experience with one person could change the minds of people about all people in the group. N - Tension between local communities and polish migrants.
34
What are the push factors from Poland?
18.2% unemployment - 2005. 2 million Poles have already left. Not many opportunities for things other than labour. GDP per capita lower than UK.
35
What are the pull factors to the UK?
Average British wage is 3x polish wages. More economic opportunity. Easy Travel. Low unemployment rate.
36
What are the social impacts for Poland of migration?
P - Easier for women to get jobs, more space in schools. N - Ageing Population, Divorce rate doubled, polish people weren't well informed about the UK.
37
What are the Polish economic impacts of migration?
P - Many poles send money back home, £4 billion per year in remittances, some polish people come home with more skills. N - Lack of skilled labour, lack of economic growth.
38
What are the polish political impacts of migration?
Politicians have to create schemes to encourage people to return home, people don't vote from abroad, rise of the far right.
39
What are the polish government concerned about?
Brain Drain limiting economic development of its' country.
40
How many people cited immigration as the main reason for voting in the referendum?
52%.
41
How many Eastern Europeans have left the UK since 2017?
450,000.
42
Which Sectors of employment have seen the greatest job losses since Brexit?
Elementary occupations - 200,000. Plant and Machine operatives - 90,000. Skilled Trades - 60,000.
43
What are the reasons why Eastern Europeans left the UK after Brexit?
Felt unwanted, Easier to blame white Christians, Mood changed after referendum, no time for social life.
44
Which sectors of the economy are struggling to fill jobs post Brexit?
Transport, Logistics, Warehouse, Manufacturing, Plant pickers.
45
How did COVID add to this problem?
Driving tests stopped during COVID, led to a backlog, and some people leaving the UK to go home, causing a labour shortage.
46
How many people leave Bangladesh every year?
500,000.
47
What % of Bangladeshi migrants are men?
95%.
48
When did movement to the middle east begin?
In the 1970's, after the oil boom, as there was an increased need for cheap labour in the middle east.
49
When did migration from Bangladesh peak?
2008 - 875,000 people.
50
What % of migrants from Bangladesh go to the middle east?
71%, 29% everywhere else.
51
What are the top ten countries for Bangladeshi migration?
Oman, Qatar, Singapore, UAE, Bahrain, Jordan, Lebanon, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Mauritius.
52
What other countries do Bangladeshi migrants go to?
Malaysia, UK, USA, India.
53
What are the reasons for Bangladeshi Migration to the Gulf?
Financial factors, environmental factors, demographic factors, cultural factors.
54
How do financial factors contribute to migration?
Bangladesh was 142 out of 146 countries for HDI, 50% are on less than $1 per day, growth in remittances from $2 billion in 2001 to $15 billion in 2014.
55
How do environmental factors contribute to migration?
Densely populated, flood prone, river bank erosion, floods, rising sea levels, increased frequency of hurricanes, floods.
56
How do demographic factors contribute to migration?
One of the most densely populated states, growth of slums, difficult for people who's livelihood relies on access to land.
57
How do cultural factors contribute to migration?
The husband is seen to have a role as breadwinner, marriage and dowry system, umra visa's are free of charge to people completing hajj.
58
What are the economic and environmental push factors for bangladeshi migration?
50% of the population live on less than $1 per day. Most of the country is prone to floods.
59
What are the demographic and cultural push factors for Bangladeshi migration?
Bangladesh is densely populated, and has many slums. If men can earn more money elsewhere, it's seen as them fulfilling their duty.
60
What are the economic pull factors for Bangladeshi migration?
GDP per capita is $67,871 in UAE, compared to $3891 in Bangladesh.
61
What are the demographic and cultural factors for Bangladeshi migration?
Better living standards, better access to healthcare in other countries, Gulf countries are also mainly Muslim.
62
What are the positive consequences of migration for Bangladesh?
Economic - Remittances for the country, 1/3 of the working age population are underemployed or unemployed. Social - Transfers skills, fosters community development.
63
What are the negative consequences of migration for Bangladesh?
Economic - Skilled workers leaving the country stunts economic growth. Social - Mental health becomes worse due to potential oppression in the countries they go to.
64
Which type of jobs do Bangladeshis do when they migrate?
Unskilled or Low skilled jobs.
65
What are the Bangladeshi governments' policies to protect migrant workers?
Bureau of manpower, employment and training, overseas employment and migrants act 2013.
66
What do these policies achieve?
Develops the skills of Bangladeshi workers in trades, migrant workers can lodge criminal cases for deception.
67
When did the UAE become a wealthy nation?
In the 1960's, as it exported oil.
68
What was the UAE's GDP per capita in 2016, compared to the UK's?
UK - $41,182. UAE - $67,871.
69
What has happened to the proportion of non-nationals in the UAE?
Grown from 63.9% of the population to 88.5% of the population.
70
How many males are there for every female in the UAE?
2.2
71
What are the political impacts of UAE migration?
Low paid migrant workers are subject to abuse from employers over forced labour.
72
What is the Kafala sponsorship system?
It's used to tie migrant workers to individual employers, restricting their rights to choose employers.
73
What happened to the Kafala sponsorship system in 2010?
The government changed the system, it now allows workers to change, if their employer fails to comply with legal obligations.
74
What is the level of education for uk born citizens?
UK born citizens have the lowest levels of high education - 21 or older.
75
What is the level of education for immigrants from the EU?
They have the highest levels of high education.
76
What % of the uk have low levels of education, compared to the EU?
44% of the UK, 15% of EU Immigrants.
77
What does this mean for earnings?
EU immigrants and A8 Immigrants are more likely to go into high paying jobs.
78
How do developed nations choose which migrants to let in?
They’re selective about immigrants, so they have a higher proportion of educated people.
79
What are the UK’s immigration policies?
A tier system - Tier 1 - High value. Tier 2 - Skilled workers. Tier 4 - Student. Tier 5 - Temporary.
80
What are the new rules for earnings of immigrants coming into the country?
The salary requirement for skilled worker visa’s is £38,000. Social care workers are no longer able to bring dependents.
81
What are Australia’s immigration policies?
Migration programme, humanitarian programme, skilled workers are points tested, skilled workers’ points are awarded for age, qualifications and experiences.
82
What are Canada’s immigration policies?
Points based system, skilled worker visa’s capped at 25,000. Health background checks, education, minimum 67 points.
83
Which areas of the UK have the highest number of international migrants?
Urban locations, with a higher number of jobs.
84
What is the EEDA?
East of England Development Authority.
85
What points did the EEDA report raise?
Restrictions on international migration are unhelpful, current attempts to curb migration aren’t helpful for universities, Highly skilled people are drawn to competitive and innovative places.
86
What are the arguments the UK should limit immigration?
Reduced levels reduce pressure on the economy, pressure is put onto local services, overcrowding, pressure on housing, Reduces availability of jobs for local people.
87
What are the arguments the UK shouldn’t limit immigration?
A cost of people not working here, cultural loss, compassion.
88
What are global periphery countries?
Low average incomes, where agriculture plays a key role in the economy.
89
What are semi periphery countries?
Emerging economies with higher rates of economic growth, because of deindustrialisation.
90
What are global core countries?
High income countries, office and retail work overtaking factory employment.
91
What do primary commodities provide countries?
With the opportunity to trade with other countries, generating income for economic development.
92
Why do commodity prices not provide much income?
Overprotection, Poor governance.
93
How did the EU cause poverty to persist?
Protects its' own farmers by placing import tariffs on food imports from other countries - other countries find it harder to get a good price for food sold to Europeans.
94
How has the USA dominated world affairs since 1945?
Using indirect forms of influence - American media companies, and hard power - military force and economic influence.
95
What is smart power?
Hard power and soft power.
96
What is hard power?
Military action, economic sanctions, trade and aid policy.
97
What is soft power?
Cultural influence, international decision making, moral and ethical authority.
98
What are the examples of USA influence?
320 million own more than 40% of global personal wealth, 1/4 of 500 largest global companies were us-owned, American food, fashion and media has shaped global culture, USA has intervened in the affairs of almost 50 states since 1945.
99
What are the examples of Chinese influence?
1978 - Open door reforms, allowed China to embrace globalisation, second largest economy, 400 million people are out of poverty, FDI from China totalled $1.25 trillion between 2015-2025.
100
What is an example of a regional superpower?
Qatar - Highest GDP per capita in the world, 14% of all gas reserves, International conferences, Al-Jazeera rivals the BBC and CNN.
101
What are the benefits of international migration?
Skilled labour shortages, unskilled labour shortages.
102
What are global hubs?
Cities which are important on a national and global scale.
103
What do global hubs involve?
Flows of international migrants, flows of capital, flows of international migrants.
104
What are the natural resources for global hubs?
Coastline ideal for trade, strategic location, oil resources,
105
What are the human resources for global hubs?
Large labour force, skilled labour, languages spoken.
106
What is interdependence?
Every country depends on the economic health of others.
107
What are the examples of economic and social interdependency?
Remittances sent home to a source country generate as much as 40% of GDP, migrant workers are often an essential part of host country populations, provide many economic and social services.
108
What are the examples of political and environmental interdependency?
Closer political partnership may develop between states, becoming socially interdependent. Increased co-operation to tackle shared environmental threats, EU scientists have migrated to work in universities in other EU states.
109
What is Backwash?
Large scale migrant labour flows become focused on core regions.
110
What are the examples of interdependence?
Schengen agreement, provides EU governments with greater tax revenue to pay for services and infrastructure.
111
Which EU states have the largest proportion of people born in other EU states?
Germany - 3,362,600. Spain - 2,341,600.
UK - 2,234,600.
France - 2,127,800.
Italy - 1,721,900.
112
What are the benefits of interdependency?
European governments believed that greater interdependence could bring conflict to an end, Friedman argued that economic and political interdependency are linked.
113
What is the golden arches theory?
States home to a large diaspora population have strong ties with the country of origin - such as Barack Obama, Joe Biden and Ireland.
114
What are the drawbacks of interdependence?
Building projects were cancelled after the UK entered recession, meant many migrants lost their jobs, stopped sending remittances home - Estonia's economy shrank by 15%. Could be seen as a threat to sovereignty.
115
What are the conflicting views about immigration in the UK?
Support for Brexit was high among pensioners, rural communities, urban areas in the north. Remain was high among younger voters, Scotland and London.
116
What do people who live in cities with migrants tend to think about immigration?
They tend to have a more positive feeling towards them.
117
What are the exceptions to this?
Boston and Peterborough.
