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Neuroanatomy > Unit 2 Pre Quiz > Flashcards

Unit 2 Pre Quiz Flashcards

1
Q

The brainstem is made up of what 3 parts?

A

Medulla

Pons

Midbrain

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2
Q

Each part of the brainstem consists of what?

A

Tectum (roof) - posterior border

Basilar part

Tegmentum

Ventricular cavity

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3
Q

The basilar part of the brainstem (BS) contains:

A

Descending pathways

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4
Q

Location of the tegmentum in the BS

What does it contain?

A

Between the tectum and basilar parts

Contains:
RF
Ascending tracts
Cranial nerve nuclei

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5
Q

Function of the brainstem

A

1- performs the spinal cord functions to the head

2- has a conduit function for the ascending and descending tracts

3- integrative function- reticular formation

4- reflex center for the resp and cv systems, conscious levels

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6
Q

Spinal cord functions in the brainstem

A

Lower motor neurons for muscles of the head

Initial processing of the general afferent info from the head

Contains cranial nerve nuclei, (CN III -> CN XII)

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7
Q

The medulla extends from the:

To the:

A

Foramen magnum, decussation of the pyramids (Origin of C1 anterior and posterior rootlets)

to caudal pons, pontomedullary junction and occupies the post cranial fossa of the skull

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8
Q

2 main sections of the medulla

A

1- closed or caudal portion- Central canal present

2- open or cranial portion- 4th ventricle present

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9
Q

What is the point of transition between the open and closed portions of the medulla

A

Obex

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10
Q

The obex is where the _______ opens into the ____.

A

4th ventricle

Central canal

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11
Q

What is the boundary line of the medulla in the external ventral view?

A

1- lower border of medulla- decusation of the pyramids

2- foramen magnum

3- best method- C1 Rootlets
-The most superior rootless defines the spinal cord.

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12
Q

External ventral medulla:

The ventral median fissure is continuous with the:

It is a fissure of the:

It is used as a line for:

A

Ventral median

Spinal cord

Bilateral symmetry

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13
Q

External ventral medulla:

Location of the pyramids

A

Either side of the ventral median fissure (VMF)

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14
Q

External ventral medulla:

What are the pyramids made up of

A

Corticospinal tract

Cortidobulbar tract

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15
Q

What does the corticospinal tract carry?

A

Voluntary motor activity to somatic muscles of the body

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16
Q

What does the corticobulbar tract carry

A

Motor activity to the CN nuclei

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17
Q

At the distal ends of the pyramids, the ______, 75-90% of the fibers cross to form the _______, while 10-25% of the fibers do not cross and form the:

A

Pyramidal decussation

Lateral corticospinal tract

Anterior corticospinal tract

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18
Q

Location of the anteriolateral sulcus.

It is continuous with:

A

Lateral to the pyramids

Preolivary sulcus

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19
Q

Where do the ventral roots come out of

A

Anteriolateral sulcus

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20
Q

Location of the olive (inferior olive)

A

Lateral to the anteriolateral sulcus

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21
Q

Function of the olive

A

Motor system control

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22
Q

Impression between pyramid and olive

Where CN XII comes out

A

Preolivary sulcus

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23
Q

Location of the post olivary sulcus

What comes out of here?

A

Lateral and behind olive

CN IX, X, XI

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24
Q

The posterior (dorsal) median sulcus is continuous with the:

A

Sulcus of the spinal cord

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25
Q

The gracile tubercle is continuous with:

A

Gracile fasciculus (from SC)

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26
Q

Location of the gracile tubercle

A

Lateral to the PMS

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27
Q

Function of gracile tubercle

A

Fine touch to lower body

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28
Q

Location of the posteriointermediate sulcus

A

Lateral to the gracile tubercle

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29
Q

The cuneate tubercle represents the:

A

Curate nucleus

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30
Q

Boundary between the open and closed medulla

A

Obex

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31
Q

Tuberculin cinereum represents the:

A

Spinal nucleus of CN V

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32
Q

Location of posteriolateral sulcus

A

Lateral to the tuberculin cinereum

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33
Q

The cuneate tubercle is continuous with:

It has:

And its function of:

A

Fasciculus

Cell bodies

Fine touch to upper half

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34
Q

Function of cuneate fasciculus

A

Fine touch to upper half

Has axons

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35
Q

Most humans have the (RIGHT/LEFT) pyramid fibers cross before the other.

A

Left

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36
Q

In the pyramid decussations, which fibers cross first, the neck and upper limb or the lower limb?

A

Neck and upper limb

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37
Q

What structure is near the decussation of the pyramids?

A

Odontoid process of C2

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38
Q

What makes up the dorsal column nuclei

A

Larger cuneate (C1-T7) And smaller gracile (T7-cocc1) nuclei and their tracts.

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39
Q

Function of the dorsal column nuclei

A

Fine touch of the body

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40
Q

Location of spinal nucleus of CN V

What is it continuous with

A

In medulla to the level of C3.

With the substantial gelatinosa below and the principle sensory nucleus above.

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41
Q

Function of spinal nucleus of CN V

A

Fine touch and exterioception of the face

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42
Q

Function of the spinothalamic tract

A

Pain and temperature of the body

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43
Q

Function of the medial longitudinal fasciculus (MLF)

A

Balance and vision

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44
Q

Function of the tuberalum (SP?) cinereum

A

Fine touch

Pain and temp to the head

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45
Q

Structures found in the external ventral medulla

A

Ventral (ant) median fissure

Pyramids

Anteriolateral sulcus

Olive (inf olive)

CN XII

CN IX

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46
Q

Structures found in the external dorsal surface of the medulla

A

Post (dorsal) median sulcus

Gracile tubercle (Clava)

Posteriointermediate sulcus

Cuneate tubercle

Tuberculin cinereum

Posteriolateral sulcus

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47
Q

Structures found in the medulla at the pyramidal decussations

A

Pyramid and decussation

Dorsal column nucle

Spinal nucleus and tract of CN V

Spinothalamic tract

Medial longitudinal fasciculus

Cuneate and gracile fasciculi and tubercles

Tuberculum cinereum

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48
Q

Function of the MLF

A

Balance and vision

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49
Q

In the lemniscal decussation of the medulla, what happens to the MLF?

A

Gets shoved dorsal

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50
Q

How is the medial lemniscus formed? Where?

A

Fibers from the gracile and cuneate nuclei form the internal arcuate fibers..

This enters and forms the medial lemniscus

  • in the lemniscal decussation of the medulla (great sensory decussation)
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51
Q

The accessory cuneate nucleus is found lateral to the _______.

A

Cuneate nucleus

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52
Q

The accessory cuneate nucleus forms the ________ tract, which is part of the ____ ______ system for ____ __.

A

Cuneiocerebellar tract

Dorsal spinocerebellar

Unconscious proprioception.

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53
Q

The accessory cuneate nucleus is a continuation of the:

Which is associated with:

A

Dorsal nucleus of Clark

Properioception from the upper limb primarily

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54
Q

The arcuate nucleus forms the ______ tract, which interconnects the:

A

Arcuatocerebellar tract

Cerebrum and cerebellum

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55
Q

The internal arcuate fibers are shown as:

A

White streaks in the medulla

With myelinated neurons

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56
Q

Are of the medulla associated w/ voluntary muscle control

Major relay center between the cerebellum, cerebrum and spinal cord.

A

Inferior olivary nuclei

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57
Q

What is the inferior olivary nuclei made up of

A

The principle olive (new)

and dorsal accessory olive (old),
medial accessory olive (old)
and amiculum olivae (fibers)

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58
Q

What makes up the olivary complex

A

Medial accessory olive

Dorsal accessory olive

Principle olive

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59
Q

Axon tracts coming out of the olivary complex

A

Amiculum olivae

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60
Q

Location of cell bodies for CN XII

_____ structure in the inf olive crossection

A

Hypoglossal nucleus

Medial

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61
Q

Location of the dorsal motor nucleus of CN X

_____ structure of the medulla/inf olive cross section

A

Vagal nucleus

lateral

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62
Q

Major connector of the inferior cerebellar peduncle in the medulla inf olive crossection

A

Inf cerebellar peduncle

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63
Q

Origin of parasympathetic for CN X

A

Dorsal motor nucleus

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64
Q

Area problema function if for:

Here, there is no:

A

Vomiting reflex

BBB

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65
Q

Location of the area proslema

A

In the floor of the 4th ventricle Rostand to the obex

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66
Q

The reticular formation resembles what?

A

A network of nerves arranged in 3 columns; median (raphe), medial and lateral.

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67
Q

Location of the reticular formation

A

Between the pyramids and floor of the 4th ventricle

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68
Q

The reticular formation runs from the ______, and is continuous with the:

A

Decussation of the pyramids

Pontine reticular formation

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69
Q

What does the reticular formation divide into?

A

Paramedial-

Central:

Lateral (lateral reticular and parvicellular)

70
Q

Functions of the reticular formation

A

Somatic muscle formation

Visceral muscle formation

Conscious, sleep, and attention

71
Q

The somatic muscle function of the reticular formation is through the:

A

Reticulospinal and reticulobulbar tracts

72
Q

Somatic function of the reticular formation

A

Reciprocal inhibition

Emotions and muscles of facial expression

73
Q

Paramedian of the reticular formation function

A

Input- motor system control
- cerebrum / cerebellum

Output: cerebellum

74
Q

Function of the central division of the reticular formation

A

Input: Cerebrum/SC

Output: Thalamus/SC

conscious state

75
Q

Function of the lateral division of the reticular formation

A

Input: SC, red nucleus, sensory systems motor system control

Output: Cerebellum

76
Q

Visceral muscle function of the reticular formation

A

Respiratory and cardiovascular system control

77
Q

How does the reticular formation affect the conscious, sleep and attention states?

A

Reticular activating system communicates with teh thalamus and pain modulation

78
Q

The 4th ventricle is part of both the ___ and -__

A

Medulla

Pons

79
Q

Borders of the 4th ventricle

A

Sup cerebellar peduncle (brachium conjunctiva)- connects the midbrain and cerebellum

Inferior cerebellar peduncle (restiform body) - connects medulla and cerebellum

Gracile and cuneate tubercles- fine touch of the body

80
Q

What is the roof of the 4th ventricle made up of

A

Anterior (sup) medullary velum— nervous tissue (CN IV)

Cerebellum

Tela choroidea (choroid plexus of the 4th ventricle, the post velum is made up of ventricular ependymal and pia mater)

81
Q

Floor of the 4th ventricle , AKA

A

Rhomboid fossa

82
Q

What makes up the floor of 4th ventricle

A

Stria medullaris

Hypoglossal trigon

Vagal trigon

Facial colliculus

83
Q

Location of the stria medullaris

A

Border between the medullary and pontine parts of the 4th ventricle

84
Q

What makes of the stria medullaris

A

Fibers that connect the arcuate nucleus with the cerebellum, the arcuatocerebellar tract

85
Q

Hypoglossal trigon location and function

A

Medial of the two trigons (compared to vagal trigon)

Nucleus of CN XII

86
Q

Lateral of the 2 trigons in the 4th ventricle floor

And function

A

Vagal trigon

Dorsal motor nucleus of CN X

87
Q

What fibers make up the facial colliculus

A

Fibers of CN VII and the motor nucleus of CN VI

88
Q

Location of the pons

A

Midbrain and medulla

89
Q

What marks the rostral border of the pons

A

Cerebral peduncle and the superior pontine sulcus

90
Q

What marks the lateral border of the pons

A

Middle cerebellar peduncle

91
Q

Inferior border of the pons:

A

Pontomedullar junction (inf pontine sulcus)

92
Q

The pons is divided into a:

A

Basilar portion

Tegmentum

Divided by trapezoid body fibers

93
Q

Most ventral portion of the pons:

This is marked by:

A

Basilar pons

Pontine protuberance (basis pontis)

94
Q

What makes up the basilar pons? (Tracts)

A

CorticoSpinal

Corticobulbar

Corticoreticularbulbar

Corticopontocerebellar

95
Q

Function of the corticospinal tract

A

Voluntary motor activity to the body

96
Q

The corticobulbar tract runs from: to:

A

Cerebral cortex

Directly to the cranial nerve nuclei

97
Q

The corticoreticulobulbar tract run from the _____ to:

A

Cerebral cortex

A synapse in the reticular formation before reaching the cranial nerve nuclei

98
Q

Largest group of fibers in the basilar pons

A

Corticopontocerebellar

99
Q

The corticopontocerebellar tract runs from the ___ to the ___, then enters the:

A

Cortex to the pons

Cerebellum through the middle cerebellar peduncle

100
Q

What is on the surface of the basilar portion of the pons?

A

Pontine sulcus (basilar groove)

Contains the basilar artery

101
Q

Function of corticobulbar tract

A

Voluntary motion to CN nuclei

**this is fast and direct innervation **

102
Q

Function of corticoreticulobulbar tract

A

Voluntary motor to CN nuclei

Synapses in reticular formation

This is slower and indirect innervation

103
Q

Corticobulbar tract runs from:

A

Cerebral cortex to the cranial nerve nuclei

104
Q

Corticoreticulobulbar tract runs from:

A

Cerebral cortex to a synapse in the reticular formation before reaching the cranial nerve nuclei

105
Q

Largest group of fibers in the basilar pons.

Runs from:

A

Corticopontocerebellar tract

Cortex to the pons. Then enters the cerebellum through the middle cerebellar peduncle

106
Q

Which tract in the basilar pons is the only one to cross the midline?

A

Corticopontocerebellar tract

107
Q

Older portion of the pons

A

Tegmentum

108
Q

Structures found in the tegmentum of the pons

A

Specific lemniscal system

Medial longitudinal fasciculus

Locus ceruleus

Central tegmentum tract

Pontine reticular formation

109
Q

The specific lemniscal system is made up of:

A

Medial lemniscus — fine touch to the body

Trigeminal tract - fine touch, pain, and temp of the face

Spinothalamic tract— pain and temp in the body

110
Q

Where can the trapezoid body be found in the specific lemniscal system?

Also, what is it

A

In the midline

The connection of the cochlear nuclei and lateral lemniscus

111
Q

What forms the border between the basilar and tegmentum pons?

A

Specific lemniscal system

112
Q

Trigeminal lemniscus, AKA:

A

Spinal tract for CN V

113
Q

The medial longitudinal fasciculus is always dorsal to the:

A

Medial lemniscus

114
Q

Blue spot, filled with melanin found in the tegmentum of the pons

A

Locus ceruleus

115
Q

Where is the locus ceruleus located

A

In the roster pons in the dorsal tegmentum

116
Q

The locus ceruleus is shown to have decreased cells in what syndromes?

What does this indicate?

A

Parkinson’s

Alzheimer’s

Down’s syndrom

indicates the function is 1- motor system control and 20 cognitive thinking

117
Q

Where do the descending fibers in the central tegmental tract run?

Ascending?

A

Midbrain to the olive

Reticular formation to the thalamus

118
Q

What is included in the pontine reticular formation

A

Paramedian (raphe) nucleus

Nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis

Lateral nucleus

119
Q

The reticular formation in the pons runs from the:

A

Tectum to the cerebellum

120
Q

The paramedian nucleus in the pontine reticular formation contains _____ that are associated with ___.

A

Serotonin-containing cells

Sleep production

121
Q

The nucleus reticularis pontis in the reticular formation function

A

MS controller

122
Q

Largest nucleus in the pontine reticular formation

A

Nucleus reticularis pontis

123
Q

What is the nucleus reticularis pontis continuous with?

A

Gigantocellular reticular nucleus of the medulla

124
Q

The caudalis part of the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis extends from the ____ to the _______.

The oralis extends to the level of the ____.

A

Medulla

Trigeminal nuclei

Midbrain

125
Q

The nucleus of the nucleus reticularis pontis caudalis forms what tract? What is this responsible for?

A

Reticulospinal tract

Inhibition of the flexors and excitation of the extensors.

Travels with the MLF

126
Q

What is the nucleus reticularis pontis associated with?

A

The ascending reticular activation system and travels with the central tegmental tract

127
Q

Anything coming in or our of the pons comes through what nucleus in the reticular formation

A

Lateral nucleus

Has connections to the medial reticular nuclei both in a descending and ascending direction

128
Q

The midbrain is made up of:

A

Tectum (quadrigeminal plate)

Tegmentum

Basilar q

129
Q

The basilar portion of the midbrain is sometimes referred to as:

A

Crus cerebri

130
Q

What makes up the cerebral peduncle in the midbrain ?

A

Tegmentum and crus cerebri

131
Q

The external ventral view of the midbrain contains:

A

Cerebral peduncle

Interpeduncular fossa

Oculomotor nerve (CN III)

Trochlear nerve (CN IV)

132
Q

What tracts are in the cerebral peduncle?

A

Corticospinal (voluntary motor)

Corticobulbar (including corticoreticulobulbar)

133
Q

Location of the interpeduncle fossa

A

Between the cerebral peduncles in the midbrain

134
Q

Optic system CN II

A

NOT part of the midbrain, but helps identify location!

135
Q

Location of oculomotor (CN III) in midbrain

A

Medial to cerebral peduncle

136
Q

Location of the trochlear nerve (CN IV) in the midbrain

A

Lateral to cerebral peduncle

137
Q

What is located in the external dorsal view of the midbrain?

A

Corpora quadrigemina

Trochlear nerve

(Not in notes, but also superior (anterior) medullary velum

138
Q

What is included in the corpora quadridgemina?

A

Superior colliculus

Inferior colliculus

(2 of each.. bilateral)

139
Q

Which is larger, superior or inferior colliculi?

A

Superior

140
Q

Function of superior colliculus

A

Visual reflexes

141
Q

Function of inf colliculus

A

Auditory reflexes

For stapedius and tensor tympani

142
Q

Location of trochlear nerve (CN IV) in external dorsal view of midbrain

A

Caudal to the inferior colliculus

143
Q

What is the superior (anterior) medullary velum made up of?

A

CN IV fibers

144
Q

Where is the tectum of the midbrain found

A

From the cerebral aqueduct

And dorsal surface of the midbrain

145
Q

Contents of the tectum of the midbrain

A

Inferior colliculus

Superior colliculus

Locus ceruleus

146
Q

The inferior colliculi are connected across the midline by what?

A

By the brachium of the inf colliculus

147
Q

The superior colliculi are connected across the midline by what?

A

The posterior commisure

148
Q

Location of the locus ceruleus

A

In the caudal midbrain near the edge of the PAG

149
Q

Function of the locus ceruleus

A

Controls sleep-wake cycles; REM sleep and respiration during sleep

150
Q

Location and function of PAG

A

Large center of the midbrain

Important pain modulator

151
Q

Location of the MLF in the midbrain

A

Dorsal to medial lemniscus

152
Q

Substantial Nigeria contains ______

It’s function:

A

Melanin granules

Motor controller

153
Q

Where is the tegmentum of the midbrain found?

A

From the cerebral aqueduct

To the substantial Nigra

154
Q

Contents of the tegmentum of the midbrain

A

Re nucleus

Ventral tegmental area

Superior cerebellar peduncle

Medial lemniscus

medial longitudinal fascicus

Spinothalamic tract

Nucleus of Darkschewitsch

Interstitial nucleus of Cajal

Reticular formation

Motor nucleus of CN IV (trochlear nucleus) (caudal midbrain) OR
Motor nucleus of CN III (cranial midbrain) + edinger-Westphalia nucleus (cranial midbrain)

155
Q

Function of red nucleus

A

Relay center for fibers from cerebellum to thalamus

Motor system control

156
Q

Reward center of the brain

Associated with Cocaine addiction

A

Ventral tegmental area (in midbrain)

157
Q

Connection from the midbrain to the cerebellum

A

Superior cerebellar peduncle

158
Q

Lateral aspect of PAG

A

Nucleus of darkschewitsch

159
Q

Function of nucleus of darkschewitsch

A

Dorsal visual accessory nucleus

160
Q

Location of interstitial nucleus of Cajal

A

Along ventral aspect of PAG

161
Q

Function of interstitial nucleus of Cajal

A

Ventral visual accessory nucleus

Slow rotary and vertical smooth pursuit eye patterns

162
Q

Location of cerebral aqueduct in the midbrain

A

Surrounded by PAG

163
Q

When testing pupil dilation for only one eye, both eyes will dilate. What is to thank for this?

A

Superior colliculus

164
Q

Location of the reticular formation in the midbrain

A

Lateral and dorsal to the red nucleus

165
Q

3 nuclei found in the reticular formation in the midbrain (ventral to dorsal)

A

Pedunculopontine nucleus (lateral)

Subcuneiform nucleus

Cuneiform nucleus

166
Q

Function of pedunculopontine nucleus

A

MS control

167
Q

The basilar midbrain runs from the:

A

Substantial nigra to the ventral surface of the midbrain

168
Q

Contents of the basilar midbrain

A

Cerebral peduncle (crus cerebri)

Interpeduncular fossa

Substantial nigra

169
Q

The cerebral peduncle is continuous with the ____ superiorly and ____ inferiorly

A

Internal capsule

Basis pontis

170
Q

Depression between the 2 cerebral peduncles

A

Interpeduncular fossa

171
Q

What is located in the floor of the interpeduncular fossa?

What is this for?

A

The posterior perforating substance

BV passage in the area

172
Q

2 areas of the substantial nigra

A

Dorsal area- (zona compacta, contains melanin)

Ventral area- (zona reticularis- contains iron compounds)

Neuroanatomy (6 decks)

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