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APES > Unit 2 Review > Flashcards

Unit 2 Review Flashcards

(75 cards)

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1
Q

Genetic Biodiversity

A

Genetic variation among all organisms, species, & populations

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2
Q

Species Diversity

A

The number of different species there are in an ecosystem

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3
Q

Ecological Diversity

A

The variety of ecosystems within one big geographical location

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4
Q

Hotspot

A

Are with high levels of biodiversity

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5
Q

Ecological Niche

A

A role that one organism or species is playing in an ecosystem

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6
Q

4 Methods of Measuring Biodiversity

A
  1. Richness
  2. Evenness
  3. Disparity
  4. Rarity
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7
Q

Richness

A

The amount of species

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8
Q

Evenness

A

Balance of species in an ecosystem

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9
Q

Disparity

A

Unbalance of species in an ecosystem

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10
Q

Rarity

A

When there are species that are rare in an ecosystem

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11
Q

Specialist Species

A

Animals that require very special resources to live

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12
Q

Generalist Species

A

Animals that’s eats variety of food, are adaptable

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13
Q

Indicator Species

A

An organism who’s presence, absence or abundance reflects/indicates a specific environmental condition

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14
Q

2 Reproductive Strategies

A
  1. R Strategy
  2. K Strategy
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15
Q

R Strategy

A

Produce lots of offspring, won’t take time to care for them

Higher chance of survival

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16
Q

K Strategy

A

Produce few offspring, take time to care and raise for them

Higher chance of being endangered

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17
Q

Carrying Capacity

A

Maximum amount of individuals an ecosystem can sustain

Represented with K

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18
Q

Population Overshoot

A

When population surpass carrying capacity, leads to sudden death of population

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19
Q

Ecosystem Resilience

A

Ecosystems has the ability to restore itself

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20
Q

Bottleneck Effect

A

When a majority of the population dies and remaining population has to reproduce

Becomes less genetically diverse

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21
Q

Ecosystem Service

A

Everything that an ecosystem can provide

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22
Q

4 Ecosystem Services

A
  1. Supporting
  2. Cultural
  3. Provisioning
  4. Regulating
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23
Q

Supporting Service

A

Factors and services necessary for production of all other cycles and services

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24
Q

Cultural Services

A

All non-material things humans can obtain from an ecosystem

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25
Provisional Services
Anything we can physically obtain from an ecosystem
26
Regulating Services
Benefits obtained from the regulation of ecosystem processes
27
Island Concept
Any place that is isolated from surrounding ecosystems
28
3 Factors Affecting Island Diversity
1. Size 2. Distance from other ecosystems 3. Human intervention and disurbance
29
Size
The larger an island is, the more ecological diversity, resources, species diversity, and niches
30
Distance from other ecosystems
The closer an island is, the higher chances of migration, which results in higher genetic biodiversity and exchange of DNA
31
Genetic Drift
The change in frequency of an existing gene variant in the population due to random chance
32
Gene Flow
Movement of genes in or out of a population
33
Evolution on Islands
Genetic drift is triggered by the interruption of gene flow
34
Habitat Fragmentation
Process by which large and contiguous habitats get divided into smaller, isolated patches of habitats Decreases genetic diversity
35
2 Types of Ecological Tolerance
1. Eury 2. Steno
36
Eury
Large range of tolerance More genetically diverse species are Eury
37
Steno
Small range of tolerance Humans are extremely Steno
38
5 Categories of Tolerance
1. Thermal 2. Hydric 3. Haline 4. Phagic 5. Ecious
39
Thermal
Temperature Range
40
Hydric
Water Range
41
Haline
Salinity Range
42
Phagic
Food Range
43
Ecious
Habitat Range
44
3 Types of Natural Disaster Timing
1. Periodic 2. Episodic 3. Random
45
Periodic
Repeated Intervals, common
46
Episodic
Irregular Intervals, occasional
47
Random
Could happen at any time, rare
48
Natural Climate Change
Climate-related changes on Earth that aren't caused by humans
49
Milankovitch Cycles
Abiotic factors changing on Earth so that they aren't the same as they were thousands or millions of years ago
50
Adaptations
Any change that will increase and organisms chance of survival and procreation
51
4 Types of Adaptations
1. Morpho 2. Etho 3. Eco 4. Physio
52
Morpho
Shape and Form
53
Etho
Behavior
54
Eco
Habitat
55
Physio
Function
56
Artificial Selection
Selective breeding of organisms to achieve a certain size, colour, taste, etc.
57
Natural Selection
Process in which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and reproduce better
58
5 Causes of Genetic Drift
1. Founders Effect 2. Mutations 3. Migrations 4. Bottleneck Effect 5. Sexual Selection
59
Founders Effect
Reduction in genetic variation, occurs when a small group of individuals becomes separated from a larger population
60
Fitness
Measured by a species' ability to reproduce and spread their alleles to their offspring
61
Selective Pressure
An evolutionary force that causes a particular phenotype to be more favorable in certain environmental conditions
62
Speciation
The process of a new species forming
63
2 Types of Speciation
1. Allopatric Speciation 2. Sympatric Speciation
64
Allopatric Speciation
Geographical Isolation
65
Sympatric Speciation
Reproductive Isolation
66
Ecological Succession
The process by which the mix of species and habitat in an area changes over time
67
Predictable Stages
Changes to an ecosystem that are expected to or will happen
68
Primary Succession
Starting from bare rock all the way to a full ecosystem
69
Secondary Succession
Starting from a certain stage due to unatural changes
70
Successional Species
Species that arrive in different stages of succession
71
4 Types of Successional Species
1. Pioneering Species 2. Early Successional Community 3. Mid-Successional Community 4. Climax Community
72
Pioneering Species
Hardy species that are the first to colonize barren environments Ex. Moss, Lichen, Fungi
73
Early Successional Communities
Species that are present during the early succession stage
74
Mid-Successional Communities
Species that are present during the mid-successional stage
75
Climax Community
An ecological community in which organisms remain stable and exist in balance with each other and their environment

APES (3 decks)

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