UNIT 2 REVIEW

Question 1

prototroph

Answer 1

bacteria having the nutritional requirements of the nml/wildtype

Question 2

auxotroph

Answer 2

mutant strain of bacteria lacks the ability to make a specific compound; will not grow unless the growth medium contains specific nutrients

Question 3

minimal medium

Answer 3

contains only nutrients required by protophoic (wildtype) bacteria

Question 4

complete/enriched medium

Answer 4

contains supplemental nutrients + basic nutrients to support fastidious or mutant growth requirements

Question 5

F factor

Answer 5

fertility factor
(an episome allowing gene exchange b/w bacteria - first observed by Esther Lederberg)

Question 6

Do auxotrophs or prototrophs require extra nutrients?

Answer 6

auxotrophs (mutants)

Question 7

Diff. b/w plasmids & episomes

Answer 7

episomes are larger than plasmids and can incorporate into the chromosome and remain integrated

Question 8

Esther Lederberg

Answer 8

Discovered Fertility Factor (F Factor)

Question 9

Transformation

Answer 9

bacteria can take up naked DNA from its environment into its cell

Question 10

OriV

Answer 10

origin of replicaion on a plasmid

Question 11

OriV vs OriC

Answer 11

OriC is the orgin of replication of a chromosome and OriV is the origin on a plasmid

Question 12

replicon

Answer 12

segment of DNA undergoing replication

Question 13

How many OriC in bacteria?

Answer 13

usually 1

Question 14

Number of OriC in eukaryotes

Answer 14

Multiple per chromosome

Question 15

Both RNA and DNA synthesis occur ___ to ___.

Answer 15

5’ to 3’

Question 16

leading strand

Answer 16

continuous replication following the replication fork b/c we can keep adding to the 3’ end

Question 17

lagging strand

Answer 17

sythesis occurs in direction opposite the movement of the replication fork #discontinoussynthesis #okasakifragments

Question 18

Topoisomerase II AKA

Answer 18

gyrase

Question 19

Topoisomerase II AKA Gyrase

Answer 19

works ahead of DNA helicase to cut double stranded DNA temporarily and prevent supercoiling & prevents helicase from getting to far ahead of itself

Question 20

The 3 Stages of a Bacterial Cell Cycle

Answer 20

B Period (birth)
C Period (chromosome replication)
D Period (cell division)

Question 21

Two Main Stages of Eukaryotic Cell Division

Answer 21

Interphase & Mitosis

Question 22

3 Stages of Interphase

Answer 22

G1, S, G2

Question 23

4 Phases of Mitosis

Answer 23

Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase

Question 24

What happens between Telophase and Interphase (G1)?

Answer 24

Cytokinesis

Question 25

Conservative, SemiConservative, and Dispersive Replication

Answer 25

Conservative: One daughter molecule contains both strands of parent DNA Semi-Conservative: Each daughter molecules contains 1 strand of DNA from the parent and 1 new strand Dispersive: parental dobule helix is broken into double stranded segments and then reassembled into complete double helicies with parental and progeny DNA interpsersed

Question 26

Watson & Crick

Answer 26

proposed method of replication based on structure

Question 27

Meselson & Stahl

Answer 27

determiend DNA is replicated in a semi-conservative method

Question 28

Theta Replication

Answer 28

repliation in circular DNA

Question 29

Do plasmids replicate bidirectionally?

Answer 29

No.

Question 30

Do bacterial chromosomes replicate bidirectionally?

Answer 30

Yes.

Question 31

Discontinuous replication produces ____.

Answer 31

Okasaki fragments

Question 32

dnaB is a ________.

Answer 32

helicase

Question 33

dnaA

Answer 33

binds to oriC and helps to open the DNA initiallhy so dnaB (helicase) can fit in and unwind it further

Question 34

DNA Polymerase ____ synthesizes the daughter strand

Answer 34

III

Question 35

Expalin Briefly how DNA Polymerase I, II, and III work together.

Answer 35

I removes the primers and starts replication, III (yes, 3) is the major replicative polymerase adding nuclotides, then II functions to repair any mistakes.

Question 36

What are the 4 major nucleases in Eukaryotes?

Answer 36

alpha - create primer to initiate replication delta - DNA synthesis on lagging strand epsilon - DNA synthesis on LEading strand gamma - mitochondrial DNA replication

Question 37

DNA Polymerase II exonuclease activity is

Answer 37

3' to 5'

Question 38

DNA polymease III exonuclease activity is

Answer 38

3' to 5'

Question 39

DNA Polymerase I exonuclease activity is

Answer 39

5' to 3'

Question 40

In linear DNA molecules, which end gets shorter after each round of replication?

Answer 40

both ends

Question 41

heterochromatin

Answer 41

highly compacted chormatin (telomeres/centromerers)

Question 42

euchromatin

Answer 42

less compacted chromatin (arms/crossingover)

Question 43

How many base pairs per nucleosome?

Answer 43

200 per nucleosome + 30 base pairs between each nucleosome = ~230