Unit 5 - Genomics & Proteonomics

Question 1

Genomics

Answer 1

attempts to describe living organisms in terms of its whole genome (the components, sequences, structure, etc)

Question 2

Structural Genomics

Answer 2

the study of the organization and sequence of genetic information

Question 3

Genetic (Linkage) Maps

Answer 3

approximates locations of genes relative to other genes based on rates of recombination

Question 4

2 Limitations of Genetic Linkage Maps

Answer 4

• low resolution/detail
• does not correspond to physical distance b/w genes

Question 5

mu

Answer 5

Map Unit
the distance b/w 2 genes for which every 100 meioses makes 1 recombinant

Question 6

cM

Answer 6

centimorgan
same thing as mu (Map Unit)

Question 7

Do markers usually contain genes?

Answer 7

No.

Question 8

If a gene is close to a marker, it is _______ likely to pass together from parent to offspring.

Answer 8

more

Question 9

3 Types of Gene Mapping

Answer 9

• Physcial Mapping
• Restriction Mapping
• Genetic (Linkage) Mapping

Question 10

What two methods are helpful in sequencing entire genomes?

Answer 10

• Cloning
• Restriction Digest

Question 11

When did the Human Genome Project Begin?

Answer 11

1990

Question 12

About how many genes are in the human genome?

Answer 12

~20500 genes

Question 13

Whole-Genome Shotgun Sequencing

Answer 13

fragment and look for overlap
looks for smaller inserts/overlaps & automated w/ computers

Question 14

contig

Answer 14

a CONTINUOUS STRETCH OF DNA formed from overlapping sequences

Question 15

partial digestion of DNA

Answer 15

limit the amt of time DNA is exposed to endonucleases to be digested

Question 16

What did Venter and Collins accomplish?

Answer 16

created rough draft of the human genome

Question 17

SNP

Answer 17

single-nucleotide polymorphism

Question 18

Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)

Answer 18

a site in the genome where individual members differ by a single bp

Question 19

Haplotype

Answer 19

the specific set of SNPs and other genetic variants (such as short tandem repeats) observed on a chromosome

physically linked and inherited together

Question 20

What is used to track people’s genetic ancestry

Answer 20

haplotypes

Question 21

GWAS

Answer 21

Genome-Wide Association Study

Question 22

GWAS & SNPs have been useful in studying ______.

Answer 22

diseases

Question 23

CNV

Answer 23

Copy Number Variations

Question 24

EST

Answer 24

Expressed Sequence Tags

Question 25

Copy Number Variations (CNVs)

Answer 25

the number of copies of DNA sequences varies from person to person

Question 26

Expressed Sequence Tags (ESTs)

Answer 26

markers associated w/ DNA sequences that are expressed as RNA

Question 27

Bioinformatics

Answer 27

molecular biology + computer science relies on stats, mathematics and engineering

Question 28

Metagenomics

Answer 28

sequencing the genomes of entire communites/groups of organisms

Question 29

What group of bacteria is associated with obesity?

Answer 29

Firmicutes

Question 30

Synthetic Biology

Answer 30

creating a synthetic cell from scratch!!! (*Thought: God must understand this very well to create us)

Question 31

Functional Genomics

Answer 31

looks to understand and predict what genes do

Question 32

Transcriptome

Answer 32

ALL the RNA molecules transcribed from a genome

Question 33

Proteome

Answer 33

ALL the PROTEINS encoded by the genome

Question 34

Metabolomics

Answer 34

the study of small molecules w/in the cells/tissues/organs and how they interact w/ each other

Question 35

1 cM is ~____

Answer 35

1 Megabase (Mb) ; 1 million base pairs

Question 36

BLAST

Answer 36

Basic Local Alignment Search Tool

Question 37

Basic Local Alignment Search Tool (BLAST)

Answer 37

a domain allowing you to search for discovered sequences to ID what a sequence you have might do #helpdeterminefunction

Question 38

Homologous Sequences

Answer 38

genes that are evolutionary related (encompasses ortholgous and paralogous senquences)

Question 39

Orthologous Squences

Answer 39

Homolous genes in DIFFERNT SPECIES that evolved from the same gene in a common ancestor (the alpha-gene in mice and the alpha-gene in chicks are ortologs)

Question 40

Parlogous Sequences

Answer 40

Homologous genes arising by duplication of a single gene in the SAME ORGANISM. (the alpha-chain gene and the beta-chain gene in mice are paralogs)

Question 41

Reporter Sequence

Answer 41

encodes an easily observed product to tract the expression of a gene of interest

Question 42

What process do Microarrays rely on?

Answer 42

Nucleic Acid Hybridization

Question 43

About how many genes do human have?

Answer 43

20,500

Question 44

About how many genes do prokaryotes have?

Answer 44

1000-2000

Question 45

On average, about how many genes are found per 1000 bps?

Answer 45

~ 1 gene per 1000 bps

Question 46

gene deserts

Answer 46

noncoding DNA

Question 47

What percent of the human genome is derived from transposable elements?

Answer 47

44.4%

Question 48

Drosophila

Answer 48

fruit fly

Question 49

How many base pairs are in the human genome?

Answer 49

3.2 Billion

Question 50

PAGE

Answer 50

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis

Question 51

2D-PAGE separates molecules by _____ and then ______.

Answer 51

pH and then mass/size

Question 52

Isoelectric Focusing separates molecules by ____.

Answer 52

pH

Question 53

The Isoelectric Point = a molecule's _______.

Answer 53

pH

Question 54

SDS-PAGE separates molecules by _____.

Answer 54

size