Unit 2 Review

Question 1

agonistic pucker

Answer 1

The position of a dog’s mouth when the dog is in an offensive threat. The lips are pressed forward and the muzzle is wrinkled.

Question 2

altruism

Answer 2

The ability of humans to care for and about the welfare of others.

Question 3

anogenital

Answer 3

A term that refers to the region of the anus and the external reproductive organs.

Question 4

antithesis

Answer 4

A theory presented by Charles Darwin, which states that a submissive animal expresses facial and postural changes that are the opposite of those displayed by the aggressive animal.

Question 5

auditory signal

Answer 5

A message related to the sense of hearing.

Question 6

calming signal

Answer 6

A message sent to reduce or stop aggressive conflicts; also, cutoff signal.

Question 7

coevolution

Answer 7

The development of certain behaviors in a species caused by the influence of another species.

Question 8

communicator

Answer 8

The sender of a message.

Question 9

convergence

Answer 9

The evolution of two different species in a similar way because of similar pressures in the environment.

Question 10

cutoff signal

Answer 10

A message sent to reduce or stop aggressive conflicts; also, calming signal.

Question 11

despotic hierarchy

Answer 11

An arrangement in which a single individual dominates over all other individuals in a group.

Question 12

display

Answer 12

A group of signals sent at the same time—for example, threat display.

Question 13

dominance

Answer 13

Related to establishing social limits—that is, what others must not do.

Question 14

ethologist

Answer 14

A scientist who studies whole patterns of animal behavior in natural environments.

Question 15

euthanasia

Answer 15

The deliberate ending of the life of an animal because of extremely bad behavior or because it’s suffering from an incurable disease.

Question 16

gaze alternation

Answer 16

A process in which a dog looks back and forth between its owner and some object the dog can’t get; an attempt to show where something is. Humans can use gaze alternation to tell a dog where they want it to go.

Question 17

hackles

Answer 17

The hairs on the neck and back of an animal.

Question 18

hackles up (hackles raised)

Answer 18

The raising of the hairs on the neck and back of an animal; also, piloerection.

Question 19

hierarchy

Answer 19

The ranking of members in a group.

Question 20

incisors

Answer 20

The front six teeth on each jaw. The incisors are used for cutting.

Question 21

innate

Answer 21

Inborn.

Question 22

intention movement

Answer 22

A signal that reveals the purpose (intent) of the sender.

Question 23

interspecific communication

Answer 23

Communication between animals of different species.

Question 24

intraspecific communication

Answer 24

Communication between animals of the same species.

Question 25

leader-follower bond

Answer 25

A relationship in which one individual establishes dominance over another individual who becomes an obedient follower.

Question 26

linear hierarchy

Answer 26

An arrangement similar to a despotic hierarchy, except the subordinate individuals form additional dominant-subordinate relations among themselves; also, pecking order.

Question 27

message

Answer 27

The information sent in communication; a signal.

Question 28

modal-action pattern

Answer 28

The response of an animal to a releaser in its environment.

Question 29

neoteny

Answer 29

The retaining of juvenile characteristics into adulthood.

Question 30

nurturer-dependent bond

Answer 30

The relationship between human and dog in which the human is the nurturer (provider of food, shelter, protection, and so on) and the dog is the dependent.

Question 31

olfactory signal

Answer 31

A message related to the sense of smell.

Question 32

overhunting

Answer 32

The excessive killing of prey so that the population of the prey animal is negatively affected.

Question 33

pecking order

Answer 33

An arrangement similar to a despotic hierarchy, except the subordinate individuals form additional dominant-subordinate relations among themselves; also, pecking order.

Question 34

piloerection

Answer 34

The raising of hackles, or hairs on the neck and back of a dog; also, hackles up and hackles raised.

Question 35

predation

Answer 35

The act of preying on other animals for food.

Question 36

predator

Answer 36

An animal that lives by killing and consuming other animals.

Question 37

prey

Answer 37

An animal taken by another animal (a predator) as food. As a verb, prey means to take another animal as food.

Question 38

recipient

Answer 38

The receiver of a message.

Question 39

releaser

Answer 39

A stimulus in the environment that causes an animal to respond in a modal-action pattern.

Question 40

ritual

Answer 40

A pattern; a display for the purpose of communication.

Question 41

signal

Answer 41

Message; what the sender is trying to get across to the receiver.

Question 42

species-typical behavior

Answer 42

Behavior that’s highly characteristic of, but not limited to, one species.

Question 43

species-specific signal

Answer 43

A signal limited to a certain species.

Question 44

tactile

Answer 44

Relating to the sense of touch.

Question 45

tactile signal

Answer 45

A message relating to the sense of touch.

Question 46

theory

Answer 46

An idea developed to explain some occurrence; something that’s assumed to be true but hasn’t been proven.

Question 47

threat display

Answer 47

A combination of growling, baring of teeth, setting ears forward, and piloerection, all of which indicate aggressiveness.

Question 48

T’ing up

Answer 48

A posture in which a submissive dog allows a dominant one to approach and face its side forming a T shape.

Question 49

triangular hierarchy

Answer 49

An arrangement in which a first individual dominates over a second individual, the second individual dominates over a third individual, and the third individual dominates over the first individual.

Question 50

urine marking

Answer 50

A form of olfactory communication used by some animals to establish territory.

Question 51

visual signal

Answer 51

A message related to the sense of sight.