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Biology > Unit 2 - S3 > Flashcards

Unit 2 - S3 Flashcards

Reproduction in plants and animals (49 cards)

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1
Q

Animal gametes:

A

Female - eggs, produced in ovaries
Male - sperm, produced in testis

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2
Q

Sperm and egg structure

A

Sperm- small has a tail to swim, lots are produced
Eggs- large cannot move by itself, very few are produced

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3
Q

Male reproductive parts + functions

A
  • bladder = to hold urine
  • sperm duct = to move sperm away from testicles
  • glands = ??
  • penis = carries sperm outside the body
  • testis = to produce sperm
  • urethra = allows urine to pass outside the body
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4
Q

Female reproductive parts + functions

A
  • oviduct = how eggs are transported from the ovary to the uterus
  • uterus = where a fertilised egg can grow into a baby
  • vagina = where the sperm enters the body and where a baby exits
  • ovary = where the eggs are contained
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5
Q

Plant gametes:

A

Female = ovule, produced in the ovary
Make = pollen, produced in the anther

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6
Q

Sexual reproduction vs asexual reproductive

A

Sexual reproduction = 2 parents
Asexual reproduction = 1 parent

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7
Q

What are the stages of reproduction in plants

A

1) pollination
2) fertilisation
3) germination

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8
Q

Parts of a wind pollinated plant + functions:

A

Bract -
Anther -
Stigma -

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9
Q

Parts of an insect pollinated plant + functions:

A

Carpels ( female parts ):
~ stigma - part of the flower in which pollen grains are deposited
~ style
~ ovary - the female part of the plant that contains ovules
Stamen ( male parts):
~ anther - the top part of the stamen, they produce pollen
~ filament
Other parts:
~ sepal - protect the developing flower
~ nectary - produce nectar to attract insects
~ petal - usually brightly coloured to attract insects

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10
Q

What is a haploid?

A

One set of chromosomes

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11
Q

What is a zygote ?

A

The first cell made of the sperm and the egg

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12
Q

What is a diploid?

A

Two sets of chromosomes

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13
Q

What is germination ?

A

A seed growing into a plant

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14
Q

What is a seed?

A

A fertilised plant egg

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15
Q

What is pollination ?

A

The transfer of pollen grains from the anther (male part) to the stigma (female part)

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16
Q

How many chromosomes are found in humans?

A

46 total ( 23 pairs )

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17
Q

What are alleles ?

A

Different forms of the same type of gene ( eg the gene for blue eyes and the gene for brown eyes are alleles )

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18
Q

What does dominant allele mean?

A

It is the allele that will show up in the organism’s appearance

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19
Q

What does the recessive allele mean?

A

It is the allele that will still be passed on but is hidden by the dominant one ( probably won’t show up in an organisms appearance )

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20
Q

What does genotype mean?

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A

The alleles you have for a particular characteristic or feature

21
Q

What does phenotype mean?

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A

The trait or characteristic that shows in your appearance

22
Q

What does heterozygous mean?

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A

When an organism inherits 2 different alleles of a gene

23
Q

What does homozygous mean?

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A

When an organism inherits 2 identical alleles of a gene

24
Q

What is homeostasis ?

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A

The control of an internal environment

25
What is Osmoregulation ?
The control of blood-water content
26
What is negative feedback?
The mechanism which can detect changes in the body and return them to tolerable levels
27
Stages of Osmoregulation:
1: the osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus of the brain detect changes in the water concentration in your body 2: a message is sent to the pituitary gland ( control centre ) 3: the pituitary gland gland releases a hormone called ADH 4: the kidney reabsorbs water according to the level of ADH produced
28
What are the 2 ways to control blood glucose concentration?
Homeostatic regulation ( controlled by the pancreas ) Stress response ( controlled by the brain )
29
How is glucose stored and where?
Insulin is used to turn it into glycogen and it is stored in the liver
30
How is glycogen released from the liver?
Glucagon turns it into glucose so it can be released in the bloodstream and got to muscles
31
Stages of homeostatic regulation of BGC:
1: eating sugar 2: BGC increases 3: receptors in pancreas detect this change 4: the pancreas releases insulin which converts glucose into glycogen 5: glycogen is stored in the liver 6: BGC decreases and returns to normal
32
What are endotherms?
Their body temperature does not change with the external environmental temperature ( eg mammals and birds)
32
Stages of stress response to change in BGC:
1: receptors in the brain detect a stressful situation/activity 2: a message is sent to the adrenal gland which releases adrenaline 3: adrenaline converts glycogen to glucose 4: glucose is released from the liver 5: BGC increases in preparation for the situation/activity ( fight or flight )
33
What are ectotherms?
Their body temperature does change with the external environmental temperature ( fish, reptiles and amphibians)
34
How does thermoregulation work?
Thermoreceptors are found in the hypothalamus ( control centre ) which sends messages ( nerve impulses ) to the effectors ( skin and muscle )
35
What does the skin do when the body is too hot?
- the skins sweat glands release sweat which evaporates due to body heat - vasodilation
36
What is vasodilation?
The surface blood capillaries can dilate to allow more blood to flow to the surface of the skin allowing heat to be lost
37
What does the skin do when the body is too cold?
- vasoconstriction - goose bumps - shivering
38
What is vasoconstriction?
The surface blood vessels can contract to reduce blood flow to the surface of the skin, this allows heat to be retained
39
What are goose bumps?
The hair erector muscles on the surface of the skin contract to raise hair and trap a layer of air which acts as an insulant
40
What is shivering?
When body muscles rapidly contract and relax which generates heat
41
What are the uses of plants?
Food Medicine Raw materials
42
Examples of food:
Potatoes, bananas, strawberries
43
Examples of medicine:
Morphine(from poppies), aspirin (from willow trees),belladonna ( from nightshade plants)
44
Examples of raw materials:
Wood(from trees), paper(from trees), cotton(from cotton plants)
45
How to have a healthy lifestyle:
Eat more fruit and veg, eat less fats+sugars, exercise more,avoid smoking and drinking alcohol
46
What is the structure of a seed + functions?
- an embryo = a small undeveloped plant - food store = to provide energy for the growth of the embryo - a seed coat = round the outside which protects the seed until it is ready to grow
47
Where does fertilisation happen?
The oviduct
48
Describe the process of fertilisation in plants:
The nucleus of the pollen grain then travels down the pollen tube into the ovary where it fuses with the nucleus of the egg cell

Biology (5 decks)

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