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A-Level OCR Sociology > Unit 2 Section B - Evidence of Inequality > Flashcards

Unit 2 Section B - Evidence of Inequality Flashcards

Evidence Of Inequality

1
Q

Mac an Ghaill
Working Class Workplace

A

Deindustrialisation caused ‘crisis of masculinity’ among working class males leading to unemployment

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2
Q

Willis
Working Class Workplace

A

Working class males see future of manual labour jobs like their fathers - don’t aspire for more

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3
Q

Inequality Briefing 2019
Working Class Workplace

A

Top 20% have 60% of wealth = extremes between rich & poor

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4
Q

Bourdieu
Working Class Education

A

Education made by Middle Class priotieses Middle Class values. Hidden curriculum devalues knowledge & skills of Working Class. Education = social reproduction. Working Class fail as lack cultural capital needed

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5
Q

Jackson
Working Class Education

A

Ladders = Working Class anti-school subculture, assertive femininity (smoking arguing with teachers) negatively labelled by teachers

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6
Q

The Department for Education
Working Class Education

A

Attainment 8 (average of 8 subjects over grade 5)
Free School Meals = 34.4%
Not Free School Meals = 48.3%

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7
Q

Price 2014
Working Class Media

A

Poverty Porn
Under Class exploited by the media for shock & entertainment (benefit street) encourages Upper Class & Middle Class to condemn them. Discourse analysis fond produced to create empathy for Under Class - but personal experiences with under class the message is over written

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8
Q

Jones
Working class Media

A

Chavtainment - negative view of Working Class ‘bigoted, slothful & aggressive’ from salt of the earth to scum

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9
Q

Milliband
Working Class Media

A

Opium of the people: desctracts WC from societal issues & legitemis exploitation

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10
Q

Walmsley et al
Working Class Crime

A

41% of prisoners from lowest social class - only 14% of overall population

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11
Q

Coles
Working Class Crime

A

Being poor means people are more likely to be criminal

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12
Q

Harding
Working Class Crime

A

Streat Casino: Working Class youth in London face deprivation -turn to crime for income. Dangerous - gamble with life. Street capital gained through criminal / deviant behaviour

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13
Q

Adkins
Female Workplace

A

Horizontal segregation (pay) & Vertical (type)
women face Sexual harassment from co-workers & customers.
At theme parks
ride operators = male
Catering = female

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14
Q

The Financial Times 2018
Female Workplace

A

Gender pay gap. Women essentially work free from 30th september (same job & level as man)
Biggest gap = financial & insurance sector

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15
Q

Laura Bates - Everyday Sexism Project
Female Workplace

A

1 in every 4 (women/men) members of parliament. 18/108 high court judges are female

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16
Q

Skelton
Female Education

A

Hidden curriculum influences subject choices e.g.
Teacher attitudes

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17
Q

Kelly
Female Education

A

Science packaged for boys
Textbooks = football & trucks for forces in physics
Classroom = boys shout out & raise for equipment

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18
Q

Colley
Female Education

A

Influence on subject choice
Perception: tasks (group / independent)
Environment: single / mixed sex schools (single sex = no gendered subject ideas)
Idea of Gender roles - socialisation (gender ideas)

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19
Q

Ferguson
Female Media

A

Cult of femininity (content analysis of magazines)
Magazines promote beauty marriage & family

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20
Q

Tuchman (1978)
Female Media

A

Symbolic annihilation
(Limited roles for women)
Media omits, trivialises or condemns groups not socially valued (can be used for other social groups)

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21
Q

Mulvey
Female Media

A

Male gaze
Women’s sexuality is exploited for the enjoyment of men. E.G. Close up shots focusing on body parts

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22
Q

Harding
Female Crime

A

Girls in gangs
Experience sexual abuse from gang members
Used for hiding/smuggling weapons / drugs - ‘fixers’

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23
Q

Leonard
Female Crime

A

Women who commit crimes are considered doubly deviant (against the law - against societal expectations) so punished harsher

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24
Q

Laura Bates - Everyday Sexism Project
Female Crime

A

2 women a week in UK are killed by a current or ex partner

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25
Benatar Male Workplace
Most dangerous job, with lowest pay & security are male dominated
26
Dermott Male Workplace
Men work longer hours regardless of roles e.g. father
27
Farrell Male Workplace
Glass cellar (can see goal but stuck at very bottom) 24/25 lowest ranked jobs 85 to 100 % are male dominated
28
Willis Male Education
Working Class boys want to follow in father's footsteps (manual labour jobs) Form an anti-school subculture don't achieve
29
Mitsos & Brown Male Education
Boys ‘will be boys’ anti-school subculture - teachers don't stop it boys allowed to underachieve
30
Department for Education - Male Education
Attainment 8 (average 8 subjects grade 5+) Girls - 71.9% Boys - 62.9%
31
Sewell Male Media
Lone parent household Caribbean boys find role model from rappers - get rich quick (crime) - anti school subculture leads to underachievement
32
Easthorpe 1990 Male Media
Hollywood idea of how to be a man dominates Strength Competition Violence Aggression Boys taught to want this & try to achieve it
33
REACH Media Monitoring Project Male Media
links black boys to violent crime (murder / knife crime) Negative image of black males so negative black role models
34
Messerschmidt (1993) Male Crime
Men need a place to do masculinity (deviant behaviour) - calls it accomplished masculinity
35
Campbell (1993) Male Crime
Men are stopped from preforming their masculinity (deindustrialisation) so violence & anti-social behaviour to express masculinity
36
Faludi (1999) Male Crime
Men are not deviant they are showing masculine traits: toughness, bravery & strength.
37
Wood et al Ethnic Workplace
Ethnic minority sounding name submit 16 applications for response White sounding name only 9 applications for response
38
Gov.Uk Ethnic Workplace
Rates of employment: White highest employment rate 81% Bangladeshi & Pakistani lowest employment rate 55%
39
Parkin Ethnic Workplace
Ethnic minorities are negatively privileged social group. Kept out of higher positions through social closer - concrete ceiling (cant see the higher positions)
40
Gillborn Ethnic Education
Institutional racism teacher labelling black boys put in lower sets & lower exams narrow future opportunities
41
Mirza Ethnic Education
Caribbean girls negatively labelled by teachers institutional racism so have less chance of success - they don't resist & still achieve but not as well as they could
42
Department for Education (2019) Ethnic Education
Attainment 8 (Average grade 8 subjects great 5+) Chinese: 64.2% Indien: 56.3% White 46.1% Black 39.6%
43
Alexander Ethnic Media
Myth of asian gangs Reporting on clashes between black & asian gangs. Asian gangs negatively portrayed = islamophobia
44
Van Dijk Ethnic Media
Limited portrayal 1. Criminal 2 Threat 3 Abnormal 4 Unimportant 5 Dependent
45
Children Now - Fair Play 2001 Ethnic Media
Ethnic stereotypes in games: 86% heroes = white 8/10 sports games = black Latinos only in sports games 86% victims of violence = black women
46
Social Trends Survey (2017) Ethnic Crimes
Black people 7 times more likely to be stopped & searched
47
Hood Ethnic Crimes
Black men more likely custodial sentences where white men get fines & community service
48
The Lammy Report Ethnic Crimes
40%young people in custody = BAME BAME men & women 25% in prison Reoffending BAME young people 11% increased 19% 2006 - 2016 BAME prisoners 25% increased 41% 2006 - 2016
49
Johnson Elderly Workplace
Ageism in the workplace Stereotypes = elderly competency to do job Harder to get jobs due to stereotypes
50
the National Pensioners Convention (NPC) Elderly Workplace
1/5 (2.5. million) live below poverty line - majority are females
51
Barron & Norris Elderly Workplace
More likely to be in secondary labour market - less job security, pay 0 hours, less chances to improve (Can also work for youth)
52
Greengross Elderly Healthcare
NHS guilty of Ageism More likely to receive end of life care not treatment (treatments denied)
53
the Royal College of Surgeons & Age UK 2014 Elderly Healthcare
Elderly less likely to have hip / knee operations or bowel breast cancer tests
54
Human Rights Watch 2019 Elderly Healthcare
Hard to get external care support (even in dire circumstances) people making these assessments don’t understand needs of elderly/disabled person Services cut regardless of the need for them
55
Landis Elderly Media
Limited presentation Feisty old lady Lonely Busy body Having a second childhood
56
Carrigan & Szmigin Elderly Media
Shown less in adverts. Not valued consumers shown as smelly & incontinent
57
Digital Generation Gap Elderly Media
Elderly isolated as they haven't grown up with it - struggle with paperless banking & engaging in popular conversations - lack access to social media
58
Financial Times 2015 Elderly Crime
Over 60s 4000 in jail (all time high) Amount of prisoners with diabetes, demeter & hypotension risen
59
Age UK 2015 Elderly Crime
twice more likely to be victim of fraud (over 55s) compared to youth
60
Ritzer Youth Workplace
Likely to be under 0 hours contract Low stimulating, low pay & security McJobs
61
The Equality Trust Youth Workplace
Under 25 treated more harshly by benefits system Don't get same support as over 25 Renters have less rights than home owners (under 25s likely to be renting)
62
BBC 3 2020 Youth Workplace
Disadvantaged for decades high renting / housing / accomodation costs
63
Youngpopleshealth.org.uk Youth Health
75% Mental health issues arise by 24 years 0.7% funding goes to mental health
64
The Guardian Youth Health
More having to look after disabled parents unpaid due to bankrupt councils (anxiety, isolation)
65
Cohen Youth Media
Turned into folk devils (seen as threat to moral society) - media amplification of actions - People scared of them Mods & Rockers
66
Griffin Youth Media
Shown to be: Deviant dysfunctional suffering a deficit
67
Women in Journalism Youth Media
1. negative language (e.g. hoodies, yobs, thugs) 2. more stories about teen crime than other topic 3. Few stories showed young boys in positive light 4. 85% boys said newspapers presented negatively but reality TV showed them positively 5. Teens wary of each other due to hoodies & yobs stories
68
Jacobson Youth Crime
Youth in custody custody ¾ Absent father ½ Run away Others In care (complex backgrounds)
69
Harding Youth Crime
Engaging in Street cassino Dangerous = gamble with life Deviant / criminal behaviour to get status

A-Level OCR Sociology (8 decks)

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