unit 2 (skeletal system) - medical vocabulary Flashcards
(175 cards)
1
Q
amphiarthrosis
A
joints that are slightly movable; include the ribs and the pelvis
2
Q
amputation
A
removal of a limb; usually surgical
3
Q
analgesic
A
drug that relieves pain
4
Q
ankylosing spondylitis
A
a form of rheumatoid arthritis characterized by inflammation of vertebral joints, which can become fused and stiff; also known as rheumatoid arthritis of the spine
5
Q
ankylosis
A
a stiff joint caused by adhesion, or abnormal fusion of two bones into one
6
Q
anti-inflammatory
A
agent that counteracts inflammation
7
Q
antipyretic
A
agent that reduces fever
8
Q
appendicular skeleton
A
the bones in the appendages of the body, as well as the structures that connect the appendages to the axial skeleton
9
Q
arthralgia
A
pain in a joint or joints
10
Q
arthritis
A
inflammation of joints; usually accompanied by pain and, frequently, structural changes in bone and cartilage
11
Q
arthrocentesis
A
structural puncture of the joint space with a needle to remove accumulated fluid
12
Q
arthrodesis
A
surgical immobilization of a joint
13
Q
arthroplasty
A
surgical repair of a joint
14
Q
arthroscopy
A
visual examination of a joint using a scope
15
Q
axial skeleton
A
the bones along the axis, or central line, of the human body
16
Q
body
A
the middle part of the sternum between the manubrium and the xiphoid process
17
Q
bone density test
A
X-ray test that determines loss of, or changes in, bone density; is used to diagnose diseases such as osteomalacia, osteoporosis, and osteopenia, also called bone densitometry
18
Q
bone depression
A
an opening or hollow region in the surface of a bone at which one bone articulates with another to form a joint
19
Q
bone grafting
A
process of transplanting and implanting tissue from one part of the body to another; used to repair a defect or injury
20
Q
bone marrow aspiration
A
process involving the use of a syringe and needle to withdraw bone marrow liquid
21
Q
bone processes
A
areas on bone that extend outward and serve as attachment zones for muscles and tendons
22
Q
bone scan
A
a nuclear scanning test that identifies bone fractures, tumors, or infections
23
Q
bunion
A
joint swelling at the base of the great toe, caused by inflammation of the bursa
24
Q
bursa sac
A
a sac that contains synovial fluid in ball-and-socket and hinge joints
25
bursectomy
surgical removal of the bursa
26
bursitis
inflammation of the bursa, usually between bony protrusions and muscle or tendon
27
calcaneus
the largest tarsal bone; also called the heelbone
28
cancellous bone
a type of bone that is much more porous and much less dense than compact bone; also called trabecular bone or spongy bone
29
carpals
the bones that make up the wrist
30
cast
solid mold of a body part, used to immobilize fractures or dislocations
31
cervical vertebrae
the seven vertebral bone segments that make up the neck region of the spine; also called the C-spine
32
chiropractors
healthcare professionals who treat illness and injury of the neuromusculoskeletal system
33
chondromalacia
softening of the cartilage
34
clavicle
the bone of the shoulder girdle that forms the collarbone
35
closed reduction and internal fixation (CRIF)
external manipulation to restore a fractured bone to normal position
36
coccyx
the vertebral bone that is formed when the four coccygeal vertebrae fuse together to become one; also known as the tailbone
37
Colles fracture
a fracture of the distal radius (bone on the thumb side of the forearm) that results from a fall onto an outstretched hand
38
comminuted fracture
a bone that has been splintered or has been crushed
39
compound fracture
a broken bone with an open wound leading to the site of the fracture, or bone that protrudes through the skin; also called an open fracture
40
computed tomography (CT)
a process in which radiographic images of a specific section of the body are taken from multiple angles and then analyzed by a computerr to identify injury or disease; also known as computerized tomography
41
condyle
a rounded-knuckle process at a joint
42
cortical bone
a type of bone that is very dense, hard, and strong; also called compact bone
43
costals
the twelve pairs of ribs that attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae
44
cranium
the bones of the skull that protect the brain
45
diaphysis
the shaft of a long bone
46
diarthroses
joints that are freely movable; include ball-and-socket, hinge gliding, pivot, condylar, and saddle joints
47
diskectomy
surgical removal or herniated (raptured) vertebral disk
48
dislocation
total displacement of a bone from its joint; also called luxation
49
epiphyseal plate
an area of cartilage tissue in long bones that is consistently being replaced by new, bone tissue as the bone grows; also known as the epiphyseal line or growth plate
50
epiphysis
the end of a long bone
51
ethmoid bone
the cranial bone that forms part of the nose, eye socket, and floor of the cranium
52
false ribs
four pairs of ribs that indirectly attach to the sternum by connecting with the cartilage of the ribs above them
53
femur
the upper leg bone and the longest bone in the human body; also called the thighbone
54
fibula
the smaller of the two lower leg bones that is located laterally to the tibia
55
fissure
a deep, narrow, slit-like opening in a bone
56
flat bones
bones that protect vital organs and provide a broad surface area for muscle attachment
57
floating ribs
the two pairs of ribs that attach to the thoracic vertebrae, not to the sternum or to the costal cartilage
58
fontanels
soft spots between the cranial bones where cranial bones are not completely joined; usually found in newborns
59
foramen
a passageway within a bone for blood vessels and nerves
60
fossa
a commonly seen shallow pit or cavity in or on a bone
61
fracture
a break in a bone
62
frontal bone
the cranial bone that forms the forehead
63
gout (gowt)
form of arthritis in which uric acid builds up in the blood and causes joint swelling and pain; also called gouty arthritis
64
greenstick fracture
an incomplete fracture in which the bone is bent and partially broken
65
hematopoiesis
the production of blood cells in the bone marrow
66
herniated disk
an intervertebral disk that has slipped or ruptured
67
humerus
the upper arm bone
68
ilium
the broad, blade-shaped bone of the pelvic girdle that forms the upper part of each side of the pelvis
69
intervertebral disks
pieces of cartilage that lie between most vertebrae, act as shock absorbers, and allow for movement of the spinal column
70
irregular bones
bones that have an unusual or complex shape and that provide both support and protection yet allow flexible movement
71
ischium
the bone of the pelvic girdle that forms the posterior part of the pelvic bone
72
kyphosis
abnormal, outward curvature of the thoracic spine; humpback; called Dowager's hump in older women
73
lacrimal bones
the facial bones that make up part of the eye socket; contain channels through which tears flow
74
ligaments
fibrous cords of tissue that attach bone to bone
75
long bones
bones found in the extremities of the skeleton
76
longitudinal fracture
a fracture that runs parallel to the long axis of the bone
77
lordosis
abnormal, forward curvature of the lumbar spine; also called swayback
78
lumbago
pain in the lower back (lumbar) region
79
lumbar puncture
spinal tap; needle aspiration of spinal canal fluid in the lumbar area
80
lumbar vertebrae
the five vertebral bone segments that make up the lower back and are the strongest and largest vertebrae (L-spine)
81
magnetic resonance images (MRI)
a noninvasive scanning test that involves use of an electromagnetic field and radio waves to visualize soft-tissue structures
82
mandible
the facial bone that forms the lower jawbone; is also the only facial bone capable of movement
83
manubrium
the uppermost part of the sternum
84
maxillary bones
the facial bones that form the upper jawbone
85
medullary cavity
the hollow center of cortical bone that contains yellow bone marrow composed chiefly of fat cells
86
metacarpals
the bones that make up the hand
87
metatarsals
the bones that make up the foot
88
myeloma
cancer of the plasma cells (a type of white blood cells) that originates in the bone marrow
89
narcotic
drug that relieves pain and induces sleep by depressing the central nervous system
90
nasal bones
the facial bones that form the bridge of the nose
91
nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID)
agent that relieves pain, counteracts inflammation, and reduces fever; commonly used to treat arthritis
92
oblique fracture
a break across the bone at an angle
93
occipital bones
the cranial bones that form the posterior floor and walls of the cranium
94
open reduction and internal fixation (ORIF)
surgical procedure involving the use of steel rods, plates, or screws to realign a severe bone fracture to normal position
95
orthopedic surgeons
physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of spinal disorders, sports injuries, arthritis, and fractures
96
orthosis
straightening or correction of bone deformity
97
ostealgia
pain in the bone
98
osteitis
inflammation of the bone
99
osteoarthritis
joint disease that mostly affects cartilage between the bone and joint; also known as degenerative joint disease (DJD)
100
osteochondroma
tumor or bony projection that covers cartilage
101
osteoma
tumor of the bone
102
osteomalacia
abnormal softening of the bone; also known as rickets in the children
103
osteomyelitis
inflammation of the bone and bone marrow
104
osteopenia
bone deficiency; in a young person, less-than-average bone density
105
osteoplasty
surgical correction of the bone
106
osteosarcoma
malignant tumor that arises from connective tissue and affects the bone
107
osteotomy
incision through the bone
108
ostitis
inflammation of the bone
109
Paget's disease
excessive breakdown of bone and abnormal, enlarged bone formation; also known as osteitis deformans
110
palatine bone
the facial bone that forms the posterior part of the hard palate in the mouth
111
parietal bones
the cranial bones that form the roof and upper sides of the cranium
112
patella
the bone that forms the anterior part of the knee; also called the kneecap
113
pathologic fracture
a fracture resulting from pressure on weakened bone
114
pelvic girdle
the bones that support attachment of the lower extremities to the axial skeleton; includes the ischium, illium, and pubis
115
periosteum
the outer membrane of a bone
116
periostitis
inflammation of the periosteum, the covering that surrounds the bone
117
phalanges
the finger and toe bones; include the proximal, medial, and distal phalanges
118
physical therapists (PTs)
healthcare professionals who work with a patient's doctor to develop a plan for restoring and maintaining the patient's maximum movement and functional ability
119
physical therapy
rehabilitation that focuses on restoring physical function and preventing disability
120
prosthesis
artificial replacement for a missing body part, such as an extremity (arm or leg)
121
prosthetist
a person who measures, designs, fabricates, fits, and services a prosthesis (prahs-THEE-sis), or artificial limb
122
pubis
the bone of the pelvic girdle that forms the anterior part of the pelvic bone
123
radiologic technologists
healthcare professionals who perform diagnostic imaging (X-rays) of the body for diagnosis or treatment of health conditions
124
radius
the small bone found on the thumb side of the forearm
125
rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
a chronic, systemic disease characterized by inflammation, pain, and stiffness in the joints; results in crippling deformities
126
rheumatoid factor (RF)
a blood test performed to diagnose rheumatoid arthritis
127
sacrum
the slightly curved, triangular-shaped vertebral bone composed of five segments that gradually fuse together to become one; also called the S-spine
128
scapula
the bone of the shoulder girdle that forms the shoulder blade
129
scoliosis
abnormal, lateral curvature of the spine
130
sequestrum
bone tissue death that occurs when the bone has become sequestered, or seperated, from the healthy tissue around it, due to lack of blood supply
131
sesamoid bones
bones that are embedded in tendons and that facilitate joint movement; are found in the patella, hands, wrists, and feet
132
short bones
cube shaped, spongy bones located in the hands and feet
133
shoulder girdle
the bones that support attachment of the upper extremities to the axial skeleton; includes the clavicle, sternum, and scapula
134
simple fracture
a broken bone that does not penetrate the skin; also called a closed fracture
135
sinus
a hollow cavity within a bone
136
skull
the skeletal structure that contains the cranial and facial bones
137
sphenoid bone
the cranial bone that forms part of the base of the skull and the floor and sides of the eye sockets
138
spina bifida
split spine; congenital defect in which part of the membrane covering the spinal cord protrudes through a gap in the spine
139
spinal curvatures
abnormal curvatures of the spine
140
spiral fracture
a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart
141
splint
an appliance made of bone, wood, metal, or plaster of Paris; used for fixation of an injured body part
142
spondylosis
stiffening of the spine; also called spinal osteoarthritis
143
spondylosyndesis
surgical fusion of joints (ankylosis) between vertebrae; also called spinal fusion
144
sprain
trauma to the ligaments surrounding a joint, causing pain and, in some cases, disability
145
sternum
the thoracic bone that forms the breastbone and serves as the anterior attachment for the ribs; is a part of the shoulder girdle
146
stress fracture
a small crack in bone resulting from chronic, excessive impact
147
subluxation
partial dislocation of a bone from its joint
148
sulcus
a groove or furrow in a bone
149
sutures
immovable joints at which cranial bones attach to each other
150
synarthroses
joints that are immovable; for example, the cranium
151
synovial joints
ball-and-socket and hinge joints that contain membranes that secrete synovial fluid
152
talipes
congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus (anklebone); also called clubfoot
153
tarsals
the bones that make up the ankle
154
temporal bones
the cranial bones that form the sides and base of the cranium
155
tendinitis
inflammation of a tendon
156
tendon
a band of fibrous tissue that connects muscle to bone
157
tendonitis
inflammation of a tendon
158
tenotomy
incision to, or cutting of, a tendon
159
thoracic vertebrae
the twelve vertebral bone segments that serve as the posterior attachment for the ribs; also called the T-spine (T1-T12)
160
thorax
the skeletal structure that makes up the rib cage, containing the sternum, ribs, and thoracic vertebrae
161
tibia
the larger, medially located lower leg bone; also called the shinbone
162
traction
application of a pulling force to align a dislocated part of the body
163
transverse fracture
a fracture that runs straight across the bone, at a right angle to the long axis
164
trochanter
one of two large processes found on the femur, or thigh bone
165
true ribs
the three pairs of ribs that attach anteriorly to the costal cartilage; also called fixed ribs
166
tubercle
a small round process found on many bones
167
tuberosity
a large, rough process found on many bones
168
ulna
the large forearm bone, the proximal end of which forms the elbow
169
vertebral column
26 bone segments arranged in 5 sections that surround and protect the delicate spinal cord; also called the spine
170
vomer bone
the facial bone that divides the left and right cavities of the nose; also called the septum
171
X-ray
radiographic image used to diagnose skeletal changes in the body
172
xiphoid process
the lowermost part of the sternum
173
zygomatic bones
the facial bones that form the cheekbones
174
osteoporosis
condition of small holes in the bones; noticeable loss of bone density
175
manubrium
the uppermost part of the sternum
